Sir Faisal Amin

COMMON CONNECTIVE WORDS

Transition words with description and examples.

Addition

In addition to

In addition to something

In addition to his movie work, Redford is known as a champion of environmental causes.

In addition to being an actor, Tom cruise is a fantastic movie director.

And

1) Used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way:

He's gone to get some fish and chips.

We've dealt with items one, two, and eleven.

He was tall, dark and handsome.

He plays the guitar and sings folk songs.

She didn't speak to anyone and nobody spoke to her.

2) Used to say that one action or event follows another:

Sit down and tell me all about it.

She picked up the kitten and put it in the box.

He knocked on the door and went in.

You'll have to wait and see what happens.

3) Used to say that something is caused by something else:

I missed supper and I'm starving!

She fell downstairs and broke her leg.

4) Used when adding numbers:

Six and four is ten.

5) especially British English used after verbs such as 'go', 'come', and 'try' to show what your intention is:

Shall we go and have a cup of coffee?

I'll see if I can try and persuade her to come.

6) Spoken used to introduce a statement, remark, question etc:

And now I'd like to introduce our next speaker, Mrs. Thompson.

'She's getting married in June.' 'And who's the lucky man?'

7) Used between repeated words to emphasize what you are saying:

More and more people are losing their jobs.

We waited for hours and hours!

That was years and years ago.

We ran and ran.

8a) Used before saying the part of a large number which is less than 100:

A hundred and four

Five hundred and seventy-six

By the year two thousand and ten

8b) Used when saying a number which consists of a whole number followed by a fraction:

Three and three-quarters

In about two and a half hours' time

Five and a quarter per cent

9) Used between repeated plural nouns to say that some things of a particular kind are much better than others:

'They said this guy was an expert.' 'Yes, but there are experts and experts.'

10) and? [spoken] Used when you want someone to add something to what they have just said:

'I'm sorry.' 'And?' 'And I promise it won't happen again.'

Similarity

Similarly

In a similar way [≠ differently]:

The first letter she wrote me was less than a page long, and her second letter was similarly brief.

Like wise

1) [formal] in the same way [= similarly]:

Nanny put on a shawl and told the girls to do likewise.

[sentence adverb]

The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.

2) likewise [spoken] used to return someone's greeting or polite statement:

'You're always welcome at our house.' 'Likewise.'

As well as

In addition to something or someone else:

They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.

As well as doing something

The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.

Beside

1) [spoken] used when adding another reason:

I need the money. And besides, when I agree to do something, I do it.

2) In addition to someone or something else that you are mentioning:

The area has stunning scenery, beautiful beaches, and much more besides.

People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.

Besides myself, the only English people there were Keith and Doreen.

Besides doing something

Besides being heartbroken, she felt foolish.

Besides studying law, he is helping his father in his business.

Further more

In addition to what has already been said:

He is old and unpopular. Furthermore, he has only two years of political life ahead of him.

Also

1) In addition to something else that you have mentioned:

Information is also available on women's health care.

She sings beautifully and also plays the flute and piano.

The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.

2) Used to say that the same thing is true about another person or thing:

My girlfriend was also called Helen.

More over

In addition - used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has previously been said:

The rent is reasonable and, moreover, the location is perfect.

The source of the information is irrelevant. Moreover, the information need not be confidential.

! Moreover is very formal and not common in spoken English. Use besides or also instead.

Too

1 [+ adjective/adverb] more than is acceptable or possible:

Do you think the music's too loud?

You've put too much salt in the soup.

There are too many cars on the road.

Much/far too

Amanda is far too young to get married.

Too ... for something/somebody

I was getting too old for romantic relationships.

My boots were three sizes too big for me.

Too ... to do something

He was too ill to travel.

Too ... for somebody to do something

The box was too heavy for me to lift.

2) Used at the end of a sentence or clause to mean 'also':

There were people from all over Europe, and America too.

Can I come too?

'I'm feeling hungry.' 'Me too.'

It's a more efficient system and it's cheaper too.

3 [+ adjective/adverb] [spoken] used with a negative to mean 'not very':

She doesn't seem too upset about it.

'What was the weather like?' 'Oh, not too bad.'

She was none too pleased (=not at all pleased) when I told her.

4) All too/only too used to emphasize that a particular situation exists when you wish it did not exist:

Beggars are becoming an all too familiar sight in our cities.

I regret to say that these rumours are only too true.

5) Used to emphasize a remark that you are adding:

'He's been banned from driving.' 'A good thing too!'

'A woman farmer?' asked Gabriel. 'Yes, and a rich one too.'

6) I am/he is/you are etc too! Informal especially American English used to emphasize that you disagree with what someone has said about someone or something:

'You're not smart enough to use a computer.' 'I am too!'

7) Be too much for somebody used to say that something is so difficult, tiring, upsetting etc that someone cannot do it or bear it:

Working full-time was too much for her.

The shock was too much for him.

8) [+ adjective/adverb] spoken formal very:

Thank you. You are too kind.

9) Be only too glad/pleased to do something to be very willing to do something:

I'd be only too pleased to assist you.

10) Too little, too late used to complain that not enough is being done to solve a problem and that the action did not start early enough:

Doctors have criticized the government's response to the crisis as too little, too late.

Not only … but

In addition to being or doing something

Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor.

The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.

Even

1) Used to emphasize something that is unexpected or surprising in what you are saying:

Most companies have suffered a drop in their profits, even very large companies.

It was quite difficult to see, even with the light on.

He became quite successful and even appeared on a television show once.

She did not even bother to phone us.

He never even acknowledged my letter.

2) Even bigger/better/brighter etc used to emphasize that someone or something is bigger, better etc:

This will make our job even more difficult.

The news was even worse than we expected.

The new version is even better than the old one.

3) used to add a stronger, more exact word to what you are saying:

Some patients become depressed, even suicidal.

4) Even so [spoken] used to introduce something that is true although it is different from something that you have just said.:

I know he's only a child, but even so he should have known that what he was doing was wrong.

5) Even if used to emphasize that something will still be true if another thing happens:

She's going to have problems finding a job even if she gets her A levels.

6) Even though used to emphasize that something is true although something else has happened or is true:

Even though he's 24 now, he's still like a little child.

I can still remember, even though it was so long ago.

7) Even now/then in spite of what has happened:

Even now I find it hard to believe that he lied.

They invested in new machinery and equipment, but even then the business was still losing money.

8) Even as used to emphasize that something happens at the same moment as something else:

He realized, even as he spoke, that no one would ever believe him.

Sequence

First(ly)

Used to say that the fact or reason that you are going to mention is the first one and will be followed by others [↪ finally, lastly]:

Firstly, I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this success.

Initially

At the beginning:

Stan initially wanted to go to medical school.

Initially, I thought I would only stay there a year.

Second(ly)

Used when you want to give a second point or fact, or give a second reason for something [↪ firstly]:

Firstly, they are not efficient, and secondly, they are expensive to make.

To begin with

a) [spoken] used to introduce the first and most important point you want to make:

Well, to begin with, he shouldn't even have been driving my car.

b) Used to say that something was already in a particular condition before something else happened:

I didn't break it! It was like that to begin with.

c) During the first part of a process or activity:

The kids helped me to begin with, but they soon got bored.

Then

1) At a particular time in the past or future:

I wish I had known then what I know now.

It was then that I realised she'd tricked me.

He started his career in St Petersburg - or Leningrad as it then was.

By/until/since then

They're sending out the results next week, so we won't know anything until then.

It was late evening when the doctor arrived, and by then it was too late.

That was in 1970. Since then the place has changed a lot.

They met in 1942 and from then on (=starting at that time) they were firm friends.

Silently she closed the door. Just then she heard a noise.

I was paid £1000, which was a lot of money back then (=a long time ago when things were different) in the 1950s.

2) Used to say what happens next or what you do next:

Mix the flour and butter, then add the eggs.

Byron travelled to Italy and then to Greece.

3)

a) used when saying what the result of a situation or action will be:

If you won't tell him, then I will.

Start off early, then you won't have to rush.

b) [spoken] used when you think that something is probably true because of what you know about the situation:

Still in your pyjamas? Have you just got out of bed then?

4) But then (again) Used to say that although something is true, something else is also true which makes the first thing seem less important:

William didn't succeed first time, but then very few people do.

Elaine's father might lend them the money, but then again he might not.

5) [spoken]

a) Used at the beginning of a conversation or activity:

Now then, what would you like to do today?

Right then, shall we start?

b) Used at the end of a conversation, especially to show that something has been agreed:

Good, that's settled then. We'll all meet here next Wednesday.

Okay then, I'll see you at work.

c) Used to show that you are saying something because of what someone has just said:

'We're late.' 'We'd better hurry, then.'

'Friday's no good.' 'Then how about Saturday?'

6) Used to add something to what you have just mentioned:

We have to invite your parents and my parents, and then there's your brother.

7) Used to refer back to what you have just been talking about:

This then was the situation facing the government at the end of the war.

8) Then and there also there and then immediately:

He wasn't prepared to wait - he wanted the money then and there.

Next

1) Immediately afterwards:

With John here, you never know what will happen next.

Next, put it in the oven for 20 minutes.

2) The next time:

When I next saw her she completely ignored me.

Afterwards

After an event or time that has already been mentioned:

Charles arrived shortly afterwards.

Days/weeks etc afterwards

The experience haunted me for years afterward.

She died not long afterwards.

Afterwards, I was asked to write a book.

Consequence

As a result

[uncountable and countable] something that happens or exists because of something that happened before.

Accidents are the inevitable result of driving too fast.

High unemployment is a direct result of the recession.

As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

Thus

As a result of something that you have just mentioned:

Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.

! In spoken English it is more usual to use so.

2) In this manner or way:

They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness.

3) Thus far until now:

Her political career thus far had remained unblemished.

Therefore

As a result of something that has just been mentioned:

Their car was bigger and therefore more comfortable.

Progress so far has been very good. We are, therefore, confident that the work will be completed on time.

Consequently

As a result:

Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.

The molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream and consequently affect the organs.

Thereby

With the result that something else happens

Thereby doing something

He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote.

Eventually

After a long time, or after a lot of things have happened:

He eventually escaped and made his way back to England.

Eventually, she got a job and moved to London.

Then

1) At a particular time in the past or future:

I wish I had known then what I know now.

It was then that I realised she'd tricked me.

He started his career in St Petersburg - or Leningrad as it then was.

By/until/since then

They're sending out the results next week, so we won't know anything until then.

It was late evening when the doctor arrived, and by then it was too late.

That was in 1970. Since then the place has changed a lot.

They met in 1942 and from then on (=starting at that time) they were firm friends.

Silently she closed the door. Just then she heard a noise.

I was paid £1000, which was a lot of money back then (=a long time ago when things were different) in the 1950s.

2) Used to say what happens next or what you do next:

Mix the flour and butter, then add the eggs.

Byron travelled to Italy and then to Greece.

3)

a) Used when saying what the result of a situation or action will be:

If you won't tell him, then I will.

Start off early, then you won't have to rush.

b)[ spoken] Used when you think that something is probably true because of what you know about the situation:

Still in your pyjamas? Have you just got out of bed then?

4) But then (again) Used to say that although something is true, something else is also true which makes the first thing seem less important:

William didn't succeed first time, but then very few people do.

Elaine's father might lend them the money, but then again he might not.

5) [spoken]

a) Used at the beginning of a conversation or activity:

Now then, what would you like to do today?

Right then, shall we start?

b) Used at the end of a conversation, especially to show that something has been agreed:

Good, that's settled then. We'll all meet here next Wednesday.

Okay then, I'll see you at work.

c) Used to show that you are saying something because of what someone has just said:

'We're late.' 'We'd better hurry, then.'

'Friday's no good.' 'Then how about Saturday?'

6) Used to add something to what you have just mentioned:

We have to invite your parents and my parents, and then there's your brother.

7) Used to refer back to what you have just been talking about:

This then was the situation facing the government at the end of the war.

8) then and there also there and then immediately:

He wasn't prepared to wait - he wanted the money then and there.

In that case

In that case if that is the situation:

'He didn't want to talk to Sally.' 'In that case why did he agree to meet her?'

Admittedly

Used when you are admitting that something is true:

This has led to financial losses, though admittedly on a fairly small scale.

Contrast

However

1) Used when you are adding a fact or piece of information that seems surprising, or seems very different from what you have just said [= nevertheless]:

This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers.

An extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treat

2) Used to say that it does not matter how big, good, serious etc something is because it will not change a situation in any way [= no matter how]:

You should report any incident, however minor it is.

We have to finish, however long it takes.

However much/many

I really want the car, however much it costs.

3) Especially British English used to show surprise when you ask how something happens or how someone does something:

However did he get that job?

4) In whatever way:

You can do it however you like.

If we win the match we'll be delighted, however it happens.

However you look at it, it was a wicked thing to do.

On the one hand … and on the other hand

Used to give another opinion or fact that should be considered as well as the one you have just given:

I'd like to eat out, but on the other hand I should be trying to save money.

! Do not say 'on one hand'. Say on the one hand.

Despite

1) Used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have prevented it [= in spite of]:

Despite all our efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it.

Despite the fact (that)

She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest.

2) Despite yourself if you do something despite yourself, you do it although you did not intend to:

She realized that, despite herself, she cared about Edward.

In spite of

1) In spite of something without being affected or prevented by something [= despite]:

We went out in spite of the rain.

Kelly loved her husband in spite of the fact that he drank too much.

2) A feeling of wanting to hurt or upset people, for example because you are jealous or think you have been unfairly treated

Out of spite (=because of spite)

She broke it just out of spite.

Pure/sheer spite (=spite and nothing else)

3) In spite of yourself if you do something in spite of yourself, you do it although you did not expect or intend to do it:

The picture made her laugh in spite of herself.

Though

1) Used to introduce a statement that makes the main statement coming after it seem surprising, unlikely, or unexpected [= although]:

Though she's almost 40, she still plans to compete.

Pascal went ahead with the experiment even though he knew it was dangerous.

Though old/tired etc

The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy.

Old though it is/tired though he was etc

Strange though it may seem, I like housework.

2) Used like 'but' to add a fact or opinion that makes what you have just said seem less definite, less important etc:

I thought he'd been drinking, though I wasn't completely sure.

The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.

3) As though

a) In a way that makes you think something is true [= as if]:

It looks as though everyone else has gone home.

b) In a way that might make you think something was true, although you know it is not true [= as if]:

She stared at me as though I were a complete stranger.

[Spoken] Used after adding a fact, opinion, or question which seems surprising after what you have just said, or which makes what you have just said seem less true:

Two heart attacks in a year. It hasn't stopped him smoking, though.

It sounds like a lot of fun. Isn't it rather risky though?

Although

1) Used to introduce a statement that makes your main statement seem surprising or unlikely [= though]:

Although in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.

We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.

Although I can't help admiring the man's courage, I do not approve of his methods.

2) Used to add a statement that balances or reduces the effect of what you have just said [= but]:

You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure they're right.

No, this is my responsibility, although I appreciate your offer.

But

1) Used to connect two statements or phrases when the second one adds something different or seems surprising after the first one:

It's an old car, but it's very reliable.

They rushed to the hospital, but they were too late.

We've invited the boss, but she may decide not to come.

An expensive but extremely useful book

'Has he got any experience?' 'No, but he's keen to learn.'

2) Used to introduce a statement that explains why the thing you have mentioned did not happen or is not possible:

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

They would have married sooner, but they had to wait for her divorce.

3) Used after a negative to emphasize that it is the second part of the sentence that is true:

He lied to the court not just once, but on several occasions.

The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.

4) Except:

What can we do but sit and wait?

I had no choice but to accept the challenge.

Not a day goes by but I think of dear old Larry (=I think of him every day).

5) But for

a) Used when you are saying that something would have happened if something or someone else had not prevented it:

But for these interruptions, the meeting would have finished earlier.

The score could have been higher but for some excellent goalkeeping by Simon.

I might never have got to university but for you.

b) Except for something or someone:

All was silent but for the sound of the wind in the trees.

6) But then (again) [spoken]

a) Used when you are adding a statement that says almost the opposite of what you have just said:

John might be ready to help us, but then again, he might not.

You feel really sorry for him. But then again, it's hard to like him.

b) Used when you are adding a statement that makes what you have just said seem less surprising:

Dinah missed the last rehearsal, but then she always was unreliable, wasn't she?

7) [spoken] Used when you are replying to someone and expressing strong feelings such as anger, surprise etc:

But that's marvellous news!

'They won't even discuss the problem.' 'But how stupid!'

8) Somebody cannot but do something [formal] used to say that someone has to do something or cannot stop themselves from doing it:

I could not but admire her.

9) [spoken] used when disagreeing with someone:

'It was a good idea.' 'But it didn't work.'

10) [spoken] Used to emphasize a word or statement:

It'll be a great party - everyone, but everyone, is coming.

They're rich, but I mean rich.

11) [spoken] used to change the subject of a conversation:

But now to the main question.

But tell me, are you really planning to retire?

12) [spoken] used after expressions such as 'excuse me' and 'I'm sorry':

Excuse me, but I'm afraid this is a no-smoking area.

On the contrary

On the contrary/quite the contrary used to add to a negative statement, to disagree with a negative statement by someone else, or to answer no to a question:

It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.

'I suppose your wife doesn't understand you.' 'On the contrary, she understands me very well.'

'Are they happy?' 'No, no, quite the contrary.'

Otherwise

1) [sentence adverb] used when saying what bad thing will happen if something is not done:

You'll have to go now, otherwise you'll miss your bus.

Put your coat on, otherwise you'll get cold.

2) [sentence adverb] used when saying what would have happened or might have happened if something else had not happened:

We were delayed at the airport. Otherwise we would have been here by lunch time.

They got two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they'd never have been able to afford to go.

3) Say/think/decide etc otherwise to say, think, or decide something different:

The government claims that the economy is improving, but this survey suggests otherwise.

A lot of people think otherwise.

4) Except for what has just been mentioned:

He was tired but otherwise in good health.

[sentence adverb]

I could hear the distant noise of traffic. Otherwise all was still.

[+ adjective/adverb]

This spoiled an otherwise excellent piece of work.

Their arrival livened up an otherwise dull afternoon.

5) Or otherwise [especially British English] used to refer to the opposite of what has just been mentioned:

We welcome any comments from viewers, favourable or otherwise.

The truth or otherwise of this diagnosis would be revealed in the future.

6) Otherwise engaged [formal] busy doing something else:

I'm afraid I will be otherwise engaged that day.

7) Otherwise known as also called:

Albert, otherwise known as the Boston Strangler

8) [formal ] in a different way:

People who smoke or otherwise abuse their bodies

9) It cannot be otherwise/how can it be otherwise? [formal] used to say that it is impossible for something to be different from the way it is:

Life in the military is hard - how can it be otherwise?

Yet

1)

a) Used in negative statements and questions to talk about whether something that was expected has happened:

I haven't asked him yet (=but I will).

Has Edmund arrived yet?

'Have you finished your homework?' ' Not yet.'

b) Used in negative statements and questions to talk about whether a situation has started to exist:

'How are you going to get there?' 'I don't know yet.'

Women didn't yet have the vote (=at that time).

'Is supper ready?' 'No, not yet.'

2) Used in negative sentences to say that someone should not or need not do something now, although they may have to do it later:

You can't give up yet!

Don't go yet. I like talking to you.

3) Used to emphasize that something is even more than it was before or is in addition to what existed before [= still]

Yet more/bigger/higher etc

He got a call from the factory, telling of yet more problems.

Inflation had risen to a yet higher level.

Yet another reason to be cautious

The meeting has been cancelled yet again (=one more time after many others).

4) The biggest/worst etc (something) yet used to say that something is the biggest, worst etc of its kind that has existed up to now:

This could turn out to be our biggest mistake yet.

Nordstrom's latest novel looks like his best yet.

5) As (of) yet used when saying that something has not happened up to now:

We've had no luck as yet.

On an as yet undecided date

6) Months/weeks/ages yet used to emphasize how much time will pass before something happens, or how long a situation will continue:

'When's your holiday?' 'Oh, not for ages yet.'

It could be months yet before they know their fate.

7) Could/may/might yet do something used to say that something is still possible in the future, in spite of the way that things seem now:

We may win yet.

The plan could yet succeed.

8) Somebody/something has yet to do something [formal] used to say that someone has not done something, or that something has not happened when you think it should already have been done or have happened:

I have yet to hear Ray's version of what happened.

The bank has yet to respond to our letter.

9) Used to introduce a fact, situation, or quality that is surprising after what you have just said:

Kelly was a convicted criminal, yet many people admired him.

She does not speak our language and yet she seems to understand what we say.

A story that is strange yet true

An inexpensive yet effective solution to our problem

Instead of

1) Instead of somebody/something used to say what is not used, does not happen etc, when something else is used, happens etc:

You probably picked up my keys instead of yours.

Could I have tuna instead of ham?

Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.

2) Used to say what is done, when you have just said that a particular thing is not done:

Geoff didn't study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.

If Jo can't attend the meeting, I could go instead.

Rather

1) Fairly or to some degree:

I was rather surprised to see him with his ex-wife.

He was limping rather badly.

My own position is rather different.

Abigail's always been rather a difficult child.

Isn't it rather late (=a little too late) to start changing all the arrangements?

Actually I rather like the new style of architecture.

It was a nice house, but rather too small for a family of four.

The task proved to be rather more difficult than I had expected.

2) Would rather used to say that you would prefer to do or have something:

I'd rather have a quiet night in front of the TV.

We could eat later if you would rather do that.

'I think you'd better ask her.' ' I'd rather not (=I do not want to).'

Would rather ... than ...

I'd rather die than apologize to Helen.

I'd rather you didn't go out alone (=I do not want you to go).

3) Rather than instead of:

I think you'd call it a lecture rather than a talk.

Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first?

Bryson decided to quit rather than accept the new rules.

4) Or rather used before correcting something that you have said, or giving more specific information:

We all went in Vic's car, or rather his father's.

5) Not ... but rather ... used to say that one thing is not true but a different thing is true:

The problem is not their lack of funding, but rather their lack of planning.

6) Rather you/him/her/them than me [spoken] used to say that you are glad that you are not going to be doing something that someone else will be doing

Whereas

1) [formal] used to say that although something is true of one thing, it is not true of another:

The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.

Whereas the city spent over $1 billion on its museums and stadium, it failed to look after its schools.

Nonetheless

In spite of the fact that has just been mentioned [= nevertheless]:

The region was very beautiful. Nonetheless I could not imagine spending the rest of his life there.

The paintings are complex, but have plenty of appeal nonetheless.

Nevertheless

In spite of a fact that you have just mentioned [= nonetheless]:

What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.

Even though

Used to emphasize that something is true although something else has happened or is true:

Even though he's 24 now, he's still like a little child.

I can still remember, even though it was so long ago.

Compared with

Used when considering the size, quality, or amount of something in relation to something similar:

A 20% reduction in burglary compared with last year

Compared to our small flat, Bill's house seemed like a palace.

In contrast

The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.

Alternatively

You can relax on the beach or alternatively try the bustling town centre.

Certainty

Obviously

Used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or understood:

We're obviously going to need more help.

Your research has obviously been very thorough.

Obviously, this is going to take some time.

Cost is obviously important.

She frowned and was obviously puzzled.

Certainly

1) Without any doubt [= definitely]:

I certainly never expected to become a writer.

They're certainly not mine.

It is certainly true/possible etc

It is certainly true that there are more courses on offer.

The girl was almost certainly murdered.

'Not smoking has made a real difference.' 'It most certainly has.'

2) [spoken] used to agree or give your permission:

'I'd like a beer, please' 'Certainly, sir.'

'Can I come along?' 'Certainly.'

3) Certainly not [spoken] used to disagree completely or to refuse to give permission:

'May I go?' 'Certainly not!'

Plainly

1) In a way that is easy to understand or recognize:

Mrs Gorman was plainly delighted.

The first part of that argument is plainly true.

We could hear Tom's voice plainly over the noise of the crowd.

[sentence adverb]

Plainly the laws are not effective.

2) Speaking honestly, and without trying to hide the truth:

She told him plainly that she had no intention of marrying him.

3) Simply or without decoration:

A plainly dressed young girl

The room was very plainly furnished.

Of course

1) Used to show that other people probably already know what you are saying is true, or expect to hear it:

Well, she won, of course.

You should of course keep copies of all your correspondence.

Of course there will be some difficult times ahead.

2) [spoken, informal] also of course used to emphasize that you are saying 'yes' when someone asks your permission to do something:

'Can I ring you back in a minute?' 'Yes, of course.'

'Is it OK if I have another cup of coffee?' 'Course, help yourself.'

3) [spoken] also of course used to emphasize that what you are saying to someone is true or correct:

'Do you really believe her?' 'Of course I do!'

'I hope this idea of yours works.' 'Course it'll work.'

4) [spoken] used to show that you accept or agree with what someone has just said:

'Don't get angry. She's only thirteen.' 'Of course.'

'The correct answer is 83.' 'Oh, yes, of course.'

5) Of course not/course not [spoken] used to emphasize that you are saying 'no' to something:

'Have you been reading my e-mail?' 'Of course not!'

'Do you mind if I bring a friend?' 'No, of course not.'

Undoubtedly

That is undoubtedly true.

Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.

Condition

If

1) Used when talking about something that might happen or be true, or might have happened:

We'll stay at home if it rains.

If you need money, I can lend you some.

If I didn't apologize I'd feel guilty.

If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exams.

What would happen to your family if you were to die in an accident?

If Dad were here, he would know what to do.

Taste the soup and add salt and pepper if necessary.

I want to get back by five o'clock if possible.

I think I can fix it tomorrow. If not, you'll have to wait till Friday.

Is the book available, and if so where?

The missiles can be fired only if the operator types in a six-digit code.

We'll face that problem if and when it comes along (=if it happens or when it happens).

If by any chance you can't manage dinner tonight, perhaps we can at least have a drink together.

2) Used to mention a fact, situation, or event that someone asks about, or is not certain about:

He stopped to ask me if I was all right.

I don't know if what I am saying makes any sense.

I doubt if anyone will remember me.

I'm not sure if this is the right road or not.

3) Used to mention a type of event or situation when talking about what happens on occasions of that type:

If I go to bed late I feel dreadful in the morning.

Plastic will melt if it gets too hot.

4) Used when saying what someone's feelings are about a possible situation:

You don't seem to care if I'm tired.

I'm sorry if I upset you.

It would be nice if we could spend more time together.

5) [spoken] used when making a polite request:

I wonder if you could help me.

I'd be grateful if you would send me further details.

Would you mind if I open a window?

If you would just wait for a moment, I'll try to find your papers.

6) Used when you are adding that something may be even more, less, better, worse etc than you have just said:

Brian rarely, if ever, goes to bed before 3 am.

Their policies have changed little, if at all, since the last election.

Her needs are just as important as yours, if not more so.

The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out.

7) Even if used to emphasize that, although something may happen or may be true, it will not change a situation:

I wouldn't tell you even if I knew.

Even if she survives, she'll never fully recover.

8) If anything used when adding a remark that changes what you have just said or makes it stronger:

It's warm enough here in London. A little too warm, if anything.

9) [spoken] used during a conversation when you are trying to make a suggestion, change the subject, or interrupt someone else:

If I might just make a suggestion, I think that the matter could be easily settled with a little practical demonstration.

If I could just take one example to illustrate this.

10) If I were you [spoken] used when giving advice and telling someone what you think they should do:

I wouldn't worry about it if I were you.

11) If only

a) used to express a strong wish, especially when you know that what you want cannot happen:

If only he had talked to her sooner!

If only I weren't so tired!

b) used to give a reason for something, although you think it is not a good one:

Media studies is regarded as a more exciting subject, if only because it's new.

12) used to say that although something may be true, it is not important:

If he has a fault at all, it is that he is too generous.

Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is that she expects to be successful all the time.

13) used when adding one criticism of a person or thing that you generally like:

The eldest son was highly intelligent, if somewhat lazy.

Lunch was a grand if rather noisy affair.

Unless

1) Used to say that something will happen or be true if something else does not happen or is not true:

Unless some extra money is found, the theatre will close.

I think you should complain - unless, of course, you are happy with the way things are.

He won't go to sleep unless you tell him a story.

I can't leave her unless I know she's all right.

2) Not unless[= only if]:

'Will you go with her?' 'Not unless she wants me to.'

Whether

1) Used when talking about a choice you have to make or about something that is not certain:

Maurice asked me whether I needed any help.

There were times when I wondered whether or not we would get there.

Whether to do something

She was uncertain whether to stay or leave.

I didn't know whether to believe him or not.

The question arose as to whether this behaviour was unlawful.

2) Used to say that something definitely will or will not happen whatever the situation is:

It seemed to me that she was in trouble whether Mahoney lived or died.

Look, Kate, I'm calling the doctor, whether you like it or not.

Poor farmers, whether owners or tenants, will be worst affected.

! Do not confuse with weather (=conditions outside such as rain, snow, sun, wind etc)

Provided that

Used to say that something will only be possible if something else happens or is done [= providing]:

He can come with us, provided he pays for his own meals.

For

Used to introduce the reason for something [= because]:

I cannot tell whether she is old or young, for I have never seen her.

He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.

So that

a) In order to make something happen, make something possible etc:

He lowered his voice so Doris couldn't hear.

Why don't you start out early so that you don't have to hurry?

b) Used to say that something happens or is true as a result of the situation you have just stated:

There are no buses, so you'll have to walk.

The gravestones were covered with moss so that it was impossible to read the names on them.

Depending on

If something depends on something else, it is directly affected or decided by that thing.

The expenses you claim can vary enormously, depending on travel distances involved.

Summary

In conclusion

Used in a piece of writing or a speech to show that you are about to finish what you are saying [= finally]:

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

In summary

A short statement that gives the main information about something, without giving all the details:

In summary, do not sell your shares.

Lastly

Used when telling someone the last thing at the end of a list or a series of statements [≠ firstly]:

Lastly, could I ask all of you to keep this information secret.

Finally

1) After a long time [= eventually]:

After several delays we finally took off at six o'clock.

2) [sentence adverb] used to introduce the last in a series of things [= lastly; ↪ firstly]:

And finally, I'd like to thank the crew.

3) Used when talking about the last in a series of actions:

She drove off at great speed, hit several parked cars, and finally crashed into a lamp-post.

4) In a way that does not allow changes:

The matter was not finally settled until 1475.

To sum up

To give the main information in a report, speech etc in a short statement at the end [= summarize]:

To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking.

To conclude

[intransitive and transitive] To end something such as a meeting, book, event, or speech by doing or saying one final thing:

I'd like to express my thanks to my family.

'So now', she concluded, 'I'm trying to bring some order to the garden.'

To recapitulate

[formal ][intransitive and transitive] To repeat the main points of something that has just been said [= recap]

And just to sketch in the background, could you recapitulate for us?

It would be tedious to recapitulate.

In short

Used when you want to give the main point of something:

We had soup, Chinese rice with prawns, fish and blah blah blah – in short we enjoyed a lot.

Carter hoped for greater trust between the two nations, more trade, more cultural exchanges - in short, a genuine peace.

Example

For instance

For example:

We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport.

For example

Used to give an example of something you have just been talking about:

People love British cars. Take the Mini. In Japan, it still sells more than all the other British cars put together.

Such as

Used when giving an example of something:

Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular.

Large electrical goods such as television sets and washing machines

Such as? (=used to ask someone to give an example)

'There are lots of useful things you could do.' 'Such as?'

Just as

Equally as good, bad, big etc:

Brad is just as good as the others.

I love this country just as much as you do.

In particular

It was a good concert - I enjoyed the last song in particular[=Especially]

Was there anything in particular that you wanted to talk about?

Namely

Used when saying the names of the people or things you are referring to:

I mentioned, three students namely John, Sarah and Sylvia.

To illustrate

To make the meaning of sth clearer by using examples, pictures, etc.

To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story

Reason

Since

1) (used with the present perfect, past perfect or simple present tense in the main clause) from an event in the past until a later past event, or until now:
Jane hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.

It was the first time I’d had visitors since I’d moved to London.

It’s twenty years since I’ve seen her.

How long is it since we last went to the theatre?

She had been worrying ever since the letter arrived.

2) because; as:
We thought that, since we were in the area, we’d stop by and see them.

As

1) While sth else is happening:

He sat watching her as she got ready.

As she grew older she gained in confidence.

2) In the way in which:

They did as I had asked.

Leave the papers as they are.

She lost it, just as I said she would.

3) Used to state the reason for sth:

As you were out, I left a message.

She may need some help as she’s new.

4) Used to make a comment or to add information about what you have just said:

As you know, Julia is leaving soon. Ç She’s very tall, as is her mother.

So

1) Used to show the reason for sth:

It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.

2) So (that … ) used to show the result of sth:

Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead.

3so (that … ) used to show the purpose of sth:

But I gave you a map so you wouldn’t get lost!

She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time.

4) Used to introduce the next part of a story:

So after shouting and screaming for an hour she walked out in tears.

5) (informal) used to show that you think sth is not important, especially after sb has criticized you for it:

So I had a couple of drinks on the way home. What’s wrong with that?

‘You’ve been smoking again.’ ‘So?’

6) (informal) used to introduce a comment or a question:

So, let’s see. What do we need to take?

So, what have you been doing today?

7) (informal) used when you are making a final statement:

So, that’s it for today.

8) (informal) used in questions to refer to sth that has just been said:

So there’s nothing we can do about it?

‘I’ve just got back from a trip to Rome.’ ‘So, how was it?’

9) Used when stating that two events, situations, etc. are similar:

Just as large companies are having to cut back, so small businesses are being forced to close.

Because (of)

For the reason that:

I did it because he told me to.

Just because I don’t complain, people think I’m satisfied.

Because of[ preposition]:

They are here because of us.

He walked slowly because of his bad leg.

Because of his wife('s) being there, I said nothing about it.

Due to

CAUSED BY

1) [not before noun] due to sth/sb caused by sb/sth; because of sb/sth:

The team’s success was largely due to her efforts.

Most of the problems were due to human error.

The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding.

EXPECTED

2) [not before noun] due (to do sth) | due (for sth) arranged or expected:

When’s the baby due?

Rose is due to start school in January.

The band’s first album is due for release later this month.

The next train is due in five minutes.

(Especially NAmE) My essay’s due next Friday (= it has to be given to the teacher by then).

OWED

3) [not usually before noun] when a sum of money is due, it must be paid immediately:

Payment is due on 1 October.

4) [not before noun] due (to sb) owed to sb as a debt, because it is their right or because they have done sth to deserve it:

Have they been paid the money that is due to them?

Our thanks are due to the whole team.

5) [not before noun] due (for) sth owed sth; deserving sth:

I’m still due 15 day’s leave.

She’s due for promotion soon.

SUITABLE / RIGHT

6) [only before noun] (formal) that is suitable or right in the circumstances:

After due consideration, we have decided to appoint Mr Davis to the job.

To make due allowance for sth

He was charged with driving without due care and attention. (BrE)

Owing to

Because of something:

Owing to a lack of funds, the project will not continue next year.

Flight BA213 has been delayed owing to fog.

The reason why

Used to give or talk about a reason:

The reason why the injection needs repeating every year is that the virus changes.

In other words

Used to introduce an explanation of sth:
They asked him to leave—in other words he was fired.

Leads to

To have sth as a result [= result in]
Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.

Cause

To make sth happen, especially sth bad or unpleasant:

Do they know what caused the fire?

Are you causing trouble again?

The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers.

Deaths caused by dangerous driving.

The poor harvest caused prices to rise sharply.

The project is still causing him a lot of problems.

Time

Before

1) Earlier than the time when:

Do it before you forget.

Did she leave a message before she went?

2) Until:

It may be many years before the situation improves.

It was some time before I realized the truth.

3) Used to warn or threaten sb that sth bad could happen:

Put that away before it gets broken.

4) (formal) rather than:

I’d die before I apologized!

Since

1) (used with the present perfect, past perfect or simple present tense in the main clause) from an event in the past until a later past event, or until now:
Jane hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.

It was the first time I’d had visitors since I’d moved to London.

It’s twenty years since I’ve seen her.

How long is it since we last went to the theatre?

She had been worrying ever since the letter arrived.

2) because; as:
We thought that, since we were in the area, we’d stop by and see them.

As

1) While sth else is happening:

He sat watching her as she got ready.

As she grew older she gained in confidence.

2) In the way in which:

They did as I had asked.

Leave the papers as they are.

She lost it, just as I said she would.

3) Used to state the reason for sth:

As you were out, I left a message.

She may need some help as she’s new.

4) Used to make a comment or to add information about what you have just said:

As you know, Julia is leaving soon. Ç She’s very tall, as is her mother.

Until

(also informal till, til, 'til) up to the point in time or the event mentioned:

Let’s wait until the rain stops.

Until she spoke I hadn’t realized she wasn’t English.

You’re not going out until you’ve finished this.

Until now I have always lived alone.

They moved here in 2002. Until then they’d always been in the London area.

He continued working up until his death.

The street is full of traffic from morning till night.

You can stay on the bus until London (= until you reach London).

Meanwhile

1) (also informal meantime) while sth else is happening:
Bob spent fifteen months alone on his yacht.

Ann, meanwhile, took care of the children on her own.

2) (also informal meantime) in the period of time between two times or two events:
The doctor will see you again next week. Meanwhile, you must rest as much as possible.

3) Used to compare two aspects of a situation:
Stress can be extremely damaging to your health. Exercise, meanwhile, can reduce its effects.

At the moment

An exact point in time:
We’re busy at the moment (= now).

When

1) At or during the time that:
I loved history when I was at school.2after:
Call me when you’ve finished.3at any time that; whenever:
Can you spare five minutes when it’s convenient?4just after which:
He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.5considering that:
How can they expect to learn anything when they never listen?6although:
She claimed to be 18, when I know she’s only 16.

Whenever

1) At any time that; on any occasion that:
You can ask for help whenever you need it.

2) Every time that:
Whenever she comes, she brings a friend.

The roof leaks whenever it rains.

We try to help whenever possible.

3) Used when the time when sth happens is not important:
‘When do you need it by?’ ‘Saturday or Sunday. Whenever.

It’s not urgent—we can do it next week or whenever.

As soon as

Immediately after something happens, without delay:

As soon as she entered the room, she knew there was something wrong.

I'll come over to your place as soon as I can.