Voice: The word voice can be translated in two ways;
· According to dictionary: voice means sound
· According to grammar voice is the form of verb which, denotes what the subject does or
what happens to the subject.
Or voice denotes whether the subject is the doer or receiver of an action.
Active Voice: Active voice or sentence is a voice which denotes what the subject does or active voice is a voice which denotes that the subject is doer of an action, or active voice is a sentence which denotes that the subject and object of sentence are in their own positions.
Passive Voice: Passive voice is a voice which denotes what happens to people or thing. Or Passive voice is a voice which denotes that the subject is the receiver or an action. Or Passive voice is a voice which denotes that the subject and object of sentence are not in their own position.
E.g; A letter is written by him. è Passive voice
Note: The term active means alert but the term passive means inert.
Why do we use active voice?
1) to make the subject of sentence prominent.
2) To know what people or things do.
3) To know who is the doer of an action.
4) When who (subject) more important than what (object).
Why do we use passive voice?
1) To make the object of sentence prominent.
2) To know what happens to people or thing.
3) To know who is the receiver of an action.
4) When what (object) is more important than who (subject).
How to change Active voice to Passive voice?
1) The verb of active sentence/voice should be transitive
2) Intransitive verbs can not take be changed to passive.
3) Take the object of active sentence/voice and use it as the subject in positive voice.
4) The form of be and past participle verb is usually used (be+3rd form of verb).
General structures in passive voice:
- Simple Present Tense: sub + is/am/are + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; The students attend the English class everyday è active voice
The English class is attended by the students everyday.
He helps me in the class. è Active voice I am helped by him in the class. è passive voice
- Present Continuous Tense: sub + is/am/are + being + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; They are arranging a special party. è Active voice
A special party is being arranged by them. è Passive voice
3. Present Perfect Tense: sub + has/have + been + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; Shahid has written three letters. è Active voice
Three letters have been written by him. è Passive voice
- Present Perfect Continuous Tense: sub + have/has + been + being + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; He has been writing a letter for ten minutes. è Active voice
A letter has been being written by him for ten minutes. è Passive voice
Past Family:
- Simple Past Tense: sub + was/were + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; Th1ey bought grammar books yesterday. è Active voice
Grammar books were bought by them yesterday. è Passive voice
- Past Continuous Tense: sub + was/were + being + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; We were watching Pushto film yesterday. è Active voice
Pushto film was being watched by us yesterday. è Passive voice
- Past Perfect Tense: sub + had + been + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; He had taken food before he came to class. è Active voice
Food had been taken by him before he came to class.
- Past Perfect Continuous Tense: sub + had + been + being + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; Abid had been studying math for two hours before noon.
Math had been being studied for two hours before noon.
Future Family:
1) Simple Future Tense: sub + will/wont/be going to + be+ 3rd form of verb + rest of the sentence
E.g; They will play Soccer tomorrow. è Active
Soccer will be played by him tomorrow. è Passive voice
2) Future Continuous Tense: sub + will/wont/be going to + be + being + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; He will be arranging a party tomorrow. è Active voice
A party will be being arranged by him tomorrow. è Passive voice
They are going to be playing soccer tomorrow. è Active voice
Soccer is going to be being played by them tomorrow. è Passive voice
3) Future Perfect Tense: sub + will/wont/be going to + have + been + verb ING + rest of sentence
E.g; They will have written a letter before 2:00 pm. è Active voice
A letter will have been written a letter by them before 2:00 pm. è Passive voice
4) Future Perfect Continuous Tense: sub + will/wont/be going to + have + been + being + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
E.g; The students will have been attending the class for hours. è Active voice
The class will have been being attending by them for two hours. è Passive voice
How to change active negative statements to passive negative statements or interrogative sentences:
He plays soccer. è Soccer is played by him.
He doesn’t play soccer. è Soccer is not played by him.
He has not been writing a letter. è A letter had not been being written by him.
Do they study history? è Is history is been being studied by them?
How to change imperative sentences to passive voice:
In passive voice we use let + obeject + 3rd form of verb.
Let the questions be answered. Passive voice
Close the door. è Let the door be opened.
When will he write a letter? è Active voice
When a letter will be written by him? è Passive voice
Notes:
1) Sometimes a sentence has two objects in such sentences either object is used as the subject of passive voice.
E.g; He bought a book for his brother. è Active voice
His brother was bought a book by him. è Passive voice
Or: A book was bought by him for his brother. è Passive voice
2) Either gerund or infinitive can be used as the subject passive voice.
E.g; He enjoys playing soccer. è Active voice
Playing soccer is being enjoyed by him. è Passive voice
Or: It is enjoyed to play soccer. è Passive voice
She decided to start a new class. è Active voice
To start a new class was decided by her. è Passive voice
Or: It was decided to start a new class. è Passive voice
3) Sometimes a clause can be used as the subject of passive voice.
E.g; He likes what he bought. è Active voice
What he bought is liked by him. è Passive voice
I think that he is very intelligent. è Active voice
It is thought that he is very intelligent. è Passive voice
4) I am Ahmad. è I am called Ahmad
My name is Sahil. è I am named Sahil.
He is Atif. è He is called Atif or He is named Atif.
By Phrase: by phrase is also called passive agent. By phrase is a phrase which consists of two parts
· The preposition (by)
· The subject of active voice
By phrase is used to know who performs the action.
E.g; Ibrar speaks French in
necessary)
People speak French in
Types of Passive:
1) Main Passive
2) Modal Passive
3) Stative Passive
4) Present Passive infinitive
5) Past Passive infinitive
6) Present Passive gerund
7) Past Passive gerund
1) Main Passive: is a passive which is used almost in all tenses a part from future tenses.
He plays cricket. è Cricket is played by him. (main passive)
2) Modal Passive : is a passive which contain modal auxiliary.
He can play soccer. è Soccer can be played by him. {modal passive)
He must study math. è Math must be studied by him. (modal passive)
3) Stative Passive: is also called absolute passive, is a passive which shows state but doesn’t show action. Or is a passive which doesn’t have active form.
E.g; The chair is broken in the class. è stative passive
The shop is closed. è stative passive
4) Present Passive infinitive:
Structure: sub + infinitive verb + object + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
Tariq want to be taught by his elder brother.
The poor need to be help ed by his rich.
5) Past Passive Infinitive:
Structure: sub + infinitive verb + to have + been + 3rd from verb + rest of sentence
Haroon wishes to have been thought Arabic by his brother.
Ajmal wanted to have been thought by his brother.
6) Present Passive gerund:
Structure: sub + gerund verb + being + 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
She appreciates being invited to the wedding party.
He enjoys being selected as team captain by his main office.
7) Past Passive Gerund:
Structure: sub + gerund verb + being 3rd form of verb + rest of sentence
He appreciates having being given the chance to present his speech
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