Sir Faisal Amin

Sentence: A group of words that has complete meaning and a verb is sentence.

Verb: A word that shows an action or state.

1. Subject + Action Verb + Object

eg) I teach you.

In the above sentence, I is subject means doer, teach is an action verb and you is object means receiver.

Other examples:

I play cricket.

You learn English.

We cook Chinese rice.

They play tennis.

You drive a car.

2. Subject + state verb + extra words.

(is/am/are) (i) noun (=is the name of person, thing, place. etc)

(ii) adjective (=a word that describes a noun.)

(iii) adjective + noun.

a) I am a teacher.(=noun)

b) I am experienced. (=adjective)

c) I am an experienced teacher. (=adjective + noun)

In the above sentence (a), I is subject means the person we talk about, am is a state verb and teacher is a noun.

In the above sentence (b), I is subject means the person we talk about, am is a state verb and experienced is adjective.

In the above sentence (c), I is subject means the person we talk about, am is a state verb and experienced teacher is(adjective + noun).

Note:

Is/am/are + first form of action verb + ing

(Helping verbs)

I am teaching.

He is learning.

You are playing.

Have ( as a State verb)

We use have for the following states.

1. Illness

2. Possession

3. Relation

4. Nature

1. Affirmative:

I / we / you / they have

He / She / it / Ali has

2. Negative:

I / we / you / they do not/don’t have

He / She / it / Ali does not/doesn’t have

3. Question:

Do I / we / you / they have?

Does He / She / it / Ali have?

4. Negative Question:

Don’t I / we / you / they have?

Doesn’t he / She / it / Ali have?

1 Illness:

Examples

1. I have flu.

I don’t have flu.

Do I have flu?

Don’t I have flu?

2. She has fever.

She doesn’t have fever.

Does she have fever?

Doesn’t she have fever?

3. You have malaria.

You don’t have malaria.

Do you have malaria?

Don’t you have malaria?

4. Asif has jaundice.

Asif doesn’t have jaundice.

Does Asif have jaundice?

Doesn’t Asif have jaundice?

5. We have Asthma.

We don’t have asthma.

Do we have asthma?

Don’t we have asthma?

6. Maria has cough.

Maria doesn’t have cough.

Does Maria have cough?

Doesn’t Maria have cough?

2 Possession

Examples

1. I have a computer.

I don’t have a computer.

Do I have a computer?

Don’t I have a computer?

2. You have an account in National bank.

You don’t have an account in National bank.

Do you have an account in National bank?

Don’t you have an account in National bank?

3. You have a flat in Karachi.

You don’t have a flat in Karachi.

Do you have a flat in Karachi?

Don’t you have a flat in Karachi?

4. They have authority.

They don’t have authority.

Do they have authority?
Don’t they have authority?

5. She has a diamond ring.

She doesn’t have a diamond ring.

Does she have a diamond ring?

Doesn’t she have a diamond ring?

3 Relation

Examples

1. I have two brothers.

I don’t have two brothers.

Do I have two brothers?

Don’t I have two brothers?

2. You have a niece.

You don’t have a niece.

Do you have a niece?

Don’t you have a niece?

3. We have two nephews.

We don’t have two nephews.

Do we have two nephews?

Don’t we have two nephews?

4 Nature

Examples

1. Polite (adj)

My mother has polite nature.

My mother doesn’t have polite nature.

Does my mother have polite nature?

Doesn’t my mother have polite nature?

2. Aggressive (adj)

My mother in law has aggressive nature.

My mother in law doesn’t have aggressive nature.

Does my mother in law have aggressive nature?

Doesn’t my mother in law have aggressive nature?

3 Taciturn (adj)

My elder brother has taciturn nature.

My elder brother doesn’t have taciturn nature.

Does my elder brother have taciturn nature?

Doesn’t my elder brother have taciturn nature?

4 Talkative (adj)

My boss has talkative nature.

My boss doesn’t have talkative nature.

Does my boss have talkative nature?

Doesn’t my boss have talkative nature?

5 Extravagant (adj)

Some people have extravagant nature.

Some people don’t have extravagant nature.

Do some people have extravagant nature?

Don’t some people have extravagant nature?

6 Frugal (adj)

My wife has frugal nature.

My wife doesn’t have frugal nature.

Does my wife have frugal nature?

Doesn’t my wife have frugal nature?

7 Close – fisted (adj)

My friend has closefisted nature.

My friend doesn’t have closefisted nature.

Does my friend have closefisted nature?

Doesn’t my friend have closefisted nature?

8 Generous (adj)

I have generous nature.

I don’t have generous nature.

Do I have generous nature?

Don’t I have generous nature?

9 Scatty / forgetful (adj)

Our neighbour has scatty nature.

Our neighbour doesn’t have scatty nature.

Does our neighbour have scatty nature?

Doesn’t our neighbour have scatty nature?

10 Peevish/Grumpy/Grouchy

She has peevish nature.

She doesn’t have peevish nature.

Does she have peevish nature?

Doesn’t she have peevish nature?

11 Argumentative (adj)

You have argumentative nature.

You don’t have argumentative nature.

Do you have argumentative nature?

Don’t you have argumentative nature?

12 Inquisitive (adj)

We have inquisitive nature.

We don’t have inquisitive nature.

Do we have inquisitive nature?

Don’t we have inquisitive nature?

13 Imaginative (adj)

My cousin has imaginative nature.

My cousin doesn’t have imaginative nature.

Does my cousin have imaginative nature?

Doesn’t my cousin have imaginative nature?

14 Impulsive (adj)

Some people have impulsive nature.

Some people don’t have impulsive nature.

Do some people have impulsive nature?

Don’t some people have impulsive nature?

15 Cunning (adj)

They have cunning nature.

They don’t have cunning nature.

Do they have cunning nature?

Don’t they have cunning nature?

16 Rakish (adj)

They have rakish nature.

They don’t have rakish nature.

Do they have rakish nature?

Don’t they have rakish nature?

17 Anti – social (adj)

You have antisocial nature.

You don’t have antisocial nature.

Do you have antisocial nature?

Don’t you have antisocial nature?

18 Reclusive (adj)

My youngest brother has reclusive nature.

My youngest brother doesn’t have reclusive nature.

Does my youngest brother have reclusive nature?

Doesn’t my youngest brother have reclusive nature?

19 Extrovert (adj)

Two of my friends have extrovert nature.

Two of my friends don’t have extrovert nature.

Do two of my friends have extrovert nature?

Don’t two of my friends have extrovert nature?

20 Vivacious (especially a woman)(adj)(=lively)

She has vivacious nature.

She doesn’t have vivacious nature.

Does she have vivacious nature?

Doesn’t she have vivacious nature?

21 Introvert (adj)

They have introvert nature.

They don’t have introvert nature.

Do they have introvert nature?

Don’t they have introvert nature?

22 Undemonstrative (adj)

I have undemonstrative nature.

I don’t have undemonstrative nature.

Do I have undemonstrative nature?

Don’t I have undemonstrative nature?

23 Poetic (adj)

He has poetic nature.

He doesn’t have poetic nature.

Does he have poetic nature?

Doesn’t he have poetic nature?

24 Far-sighted (adj)

My mother has farsighted nature.

My mother doesn’t have farsighted nature.

Does my mother have farsighted nature?

Doesn’t my mother have farsighted nature?

25 Haughty / Proud (adj)

He has haughty nature.

He doesn’t have haughty nature.

Does he have haughty nature?

Doesn’t he have haughty nature?

Q. Fill the spaces with the correct forms of have:

1. He is standing there in the rain and . . . even the sense to put up his umbrella, (negative)

2. He . . . a cold in the head. ~ That's nothing new; he always . . . a cold.

3. I . . . headache very often, but I . . . one now. (1st verb negative)

4. It is no good arguing with someone who . . . a bee in his bonnet.

5. Why don't you say something? You . . . an excuse? (negative)

6. You . . . toothache?

7. The houses in your country . . . flat roofs?

8. You . . . the time? ( = Do you know the time?) - No, I . . . a watch, (negative)

9. You ever . . . an impulse to smash something?

10. Air passengers usually . . . much luggage, (negative)

11. The stairs are on fire! You . . . a long rope?

Pronoun: A word which we use in place of a noun is called ‘Pronoun’.

for eg) I, we, you, he, she, it, they.

Subject Pronoun: When we use a pronoun at the place of subject, it is called ‘Subject Pronoun’.

for eg) I, we, you, he, she, it, they.

Object Pronoun: When we use a pr pronoun at the place of object, it is called ‘Object Pronoun’.

for eg) me, us, you, it, them, him, her.

Subject Pronoun(SP)	Object Pronoun(OP)
I	me
We	us
You (s)	you
He	him
She	her
It	it
They	them
You (p)	you

Examples:

Asif = He

You and me = We

She and her = They

Car = It

Ali, me and you = We

They and Sara = They

She and I = We

We, you and I = We

Her and them = They

Reflexive Pronoun : When the subject and object is same, we use reflexive pronoun. We can also use reflexive pronoun when we stress the idea of doing something in a sentence.

eg) myself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself.

Possessive determiner: A pronoun which comes with a noun to show relation and possession.

eg) My father (showing relation)

eg) Your cell phone (showing possession)

Examples:

1. This is ;my laptop.

This isn’t my laptop.

Is this my laptop?

Isn’t this my laptop?

2. That is your flat.

That isn’t your flat.

Is that your flat?

Isn’t that your flat?

3. These are our problems.

These aren’t our problems.

Are these our problems?

Aren’t these our problems?

4. Those are his children.

Those aren’t his children.

Are those his children?

Aren’t those his children?

5. This is his right.

This isn’t his right.

Is this his right?

Isn’t this his right?

6. That is their area.

That isn’t their area.

Is that their area?

Isn’t that their area?

Possessive Pronoun: A pronoun (without a noun) to show relation or possession is called possessive

pronoun. eg) mine, hers, theirs, his, yours, ours.

Note: When using possessive pronoun, keep it in your mind that the person or thing we are talking about either should be pointed out or understood in the discussion.

1. This is mine.

This isn’t mine.

Is this mine?

Isn’t this mine?

2. These are yours.

These aren’t yours.

Are these yours?

Aren’t these yours?

3. This is ours.

This isn’t ours.

Is this ours?

Isn’t this ours?

4. These are hers.

These aren’t hers.

Are these hers?

Aren’t these hers?

SP	OP	RP	PD	PP
I	me	myself	my	mine
We	us	ourselves	our	ours
You (s)	you	yourself	your	yours
He	him	himself	his	his
She	her	herself	her	hers
It	it	itself	its	------
They	them	themselves	their	theirs
You (P)	you	yourselves	your	yours

Examples:

Are these our books?

Isn’t this my house?

This isn’t your cell phone.

Isn’t this yours?

One of those is mine.

One of these is yours.

One of these two is my book.

Five of those are ours.

Five of those are our flats.

Isn’t one of these yours?

Two of them are yours.

Aren’t three of those yours?

One of these is my brother.

None of these is mine.

None of those is yours.

None of these is his.

None of these is hers.

None of these is theirs.

Which one is your book?

Which one is yours?

That is yours.

Is that yours?

This is my problem.

Aren’t these yours?

This is theirs.

Those are her cars.

Are those her cars?

These are our children.

These aren’t our children.

Is that your brother?

He isn’t my brother.

Is that your sister?

They aren’t my sisters.

Is one of these my sister?

One of you two is his brother.

Isn’t this your house?

How many of these are your books?

How many of these are yours?

How many of those are your cars?

How many of those are yours?

How many of these ten are your cell phones?

How many of these ten are yours?

How many of these are her cousins?

How many of these are hers?

How many of these are their books?

How many of these are theirs?

How many of these are your books?

How many of these are yours?

HOW MUCH:

How much (of this/that) is Pd/noun/pp?

How much of this is our share?

How much of this is ours?

How much is your share?

How much is yours?

How much is that?

How much is theirs/his/hers/mine/yours?

Existing state (be)

Changing state (get)

I am ill. I am/ I’m not ill. Am I ill? Am I not/Aren’t I ill? She is ill. She is not/isn’t ill. Is she ill? Isn’t she ill? You are ill. You aren’t ill. Are you ill? Aren’t you ill? We are ready. We aren’t ready. Are we ready? Aren’t we ready? She is late. She isn’t late. Is she late? Isn’t she late? The cake is fresh. The cake isn’t fresh. Is the cake fresh? Isn’t the cake fresh? Water is cold. Water isn’t cold. Is water cold Isn’t water cold? Food is stale. (=baasi) Food isn’t stale. Is food stale? Isn’t food stale? Child is stubborn.(= Ziddi) Child isn’t stubborn. Is child stubborn? Isn’t child stubborn? She is suspicious.(= Shakkee) She isn’t suspicious. Is she suspicious? Isn’t she suspicious? Sarah is cheeky.(=Battameez) Sarah isn’t cheeky. Is Sarah cheeky? Isn’t Sarah cheeky? They are amazed. (=surprised) They aren’t amazed. Are they amazed? Aren’t they amazed? Chair is broken. Chair isn’t broken. Is chair broken? Isn’t chair broken? Shops are closed. Shops aren’t closed. Are shops closed? Aren’t shops closed? I’m disturbed. I’m not disturbed. Am I disturbed? Aren’t I disturbed? We are embarrassed.(=Sharminda) We aren’t embarrassed. Are we embarrassed? Aren’t we embarrassed? Water is frozen.(= Jama hua) Water isn’t frozen. Is water frozen? Isn’t water frozen? Keys are lost. Keys aren’t lost. Are keys lost? Aren’t keys lost? My brother is frightened. My brother isn’t frightened. Is my brother frightened? Isn’t my brother frightened? My parents are satisfied. My parents aren’t satisfied. Are my parents satisfied? Aren’t my parents satisfied? The car is sold. The care isn’t sold. Is the car sold? Isn’t the car sold? We are stuck. (=atka hona) We aren’t stuck. Are we stuck? Aren’t we stuck? The sleeve is torn. The sleeve isn’t torn. Is the sleeve torn? Isn’t the sleeve torn? My students are confused. My students aren’t confused. Are my students confused? Aren’t my students confused? You are annoyed. You aren’t annoyed. Are you annoyed? Aren’t you annoyed? You are scatty.(= Bhulakkar) You aren’t scatty. Are you scatty? Aren’t you scatty? My grandmother is peevish.(=Chirchira) My grandmother isn’t peevish. Is my grandmother peevish? Isn’t my grandmother peevish? He is stingy.(=Kanjoos) He isn’t stingy. Is he stingy? Isn’t he stingy? Peter is extravagant.(=Fuzool kharch) Peter isn’t extravagant. Is Peter extravagant? Isn’t Peter extravagant? The patient is unconscious.(=bayhoash) The patient isn’t unconscious. Is patient unconscious? Isn’t patient unconscious? We are compelled.(=Majboor) We aren’t compelled. Are we compelled? Aren’t we compelled? You are jealous. You aren’t jealous. Are you jealous? Aren’t you jealous? Kids are naughty.(=Shrarti) Kids aren’t naughty. Are kids naughty? Aren’t kids naughty? I’m restless.(=Bay araam) I’m not restless. Am I restless? Aren’t I restless? My mother is cross with me.(=angry) My mother isn’t cross with me. Is my mother cross with me? Isn’t my mother cross with me? Water is cold. Water isn’t cold. Is water cold? Isn’t water cold? Tea is hot. Tea isn’t hot. Is tea hot? Isn’t tea hot? Water is lukewarm. Water isn’t lukewarm. Is water lukewarm? Isn’t water lukewarm? My friend is gloomy. My friend isn’t gloomy. Is my friend gloomy? Isn’t my friend gloomy? They are calm. They aren’t calm. Are they calm? Aren’t they calm? Ali is careful. Ali isn’t careful. Is Ali careful? Isn’t Ali careful? I’m enthusiastic.(=Josheela) I’m not enthusiastic. Am I enthusiastic? Aren’t I enthusiastic? Petrol is cheap. Petrol isn’t cheap. Is petrol cheap? Isn’t petrol cheap? She is mature. She isn’t mature. Is she mature? Isn’t she mature? He is nervous. He isn’t nervous. Is he nervous? Isn’t he nervous? We are fed up. We aren’t fed up. Are we fed up? Aren’t we fed up?

I get ill. I don’t get ill. Do I get ill? Don’t I get ill? She gets ill. She does not/doesn’t get ill. Does she get ill? Doesn’t she get ill? You get ill. You don’t get ill. Do you get ill? Don’t you get ill? We get ready. We don’t get ready. Do we get ready? Don’t we get ready? She gets late. She doesn’t get late. Does she get late? Doesn’t she get late? The cake gets fresh. The cake doesn’t get fresh. Does the cake get fresh? Doesn’t the cake get fresh? Water gets cold. Water doesn’t get cold. Does water get cold? Doesn’t water get cold? Food gets stale. Food doesn’t get stale. Does food get stale? Doesn’t food get stale? Child gets stubborn. Child doesn’t get stubborn. Does child get stubborn? Doesn’t child get stubborn? She gets suspicious. She doesn’t get suspicious. Does she get suspicious? Doesn’t she get suspicious? Sarah gets cheeky. Sarah doesn’t get cheeky. Does Sarah get cheeky? Doesn’t Sarah get cheeky? They get amazed. They don’t get amazed. Do they get amazed? Don’t they get amazed? Chair gets broken. Chair doesn’t get broken. Does chair get broken? Doesn’t chair get broken? Shops get closed. Shops don’t get closed. Do shops get closed? Don’t shops get closed? I get disturbed. I don’t get disturbed. Do I get disturbed? Don’t I get disturbed? We get embarrassed. We don’t get embarrassed. Do we get embarrassed? Don’t we get embarrassed? Water gets frozen. Water doesn’t get frozen. Does water get frozen? Doesn’t water get frozen? Keys get lost. Keys don’t get lost. Do keys get lost? Don’t’ keys get lost? My brother gets frightened. My brother doesn’t get frightened. Does my brother get frightened? Doesn’t my brother get frightened? My parents get satisfied. My parents don’t get satisfied. Do my parents get satisfied? Don’t my parents get satisfied? The car gets sold. The car doesn’t get sold. Does the car get sold? Doesn’t the car get sold? We get stuck. We don’t get stuck. Do we get stuck? Don’t we get stuck? The sleeve gets torn. The sleeve doesn’t get torn. Does the sleeve get torn? Doesn’t the sleeve get torn? My students get confused. My students don’t get confused. Do my students get confused? Don’t my students get confused? You get annoyed. You don’t get annoyed. Do you get annoyed? Don’t you get annoyed? You get scatty. You don’t get scatty. Do you get scatty? Don’t you get scatty? My grandmother gets peevish. My grandmother doesn’t get peevish. Does my grandmother get peevish? Doesn’t my grandmother get peevish? He gets stingy. He doesn’t get stingy. Does he get stingy? Doesn’t he get stingy? Peter gets extravagant. Peter doesn’t get extravagant. Does Peter get extravagant? Doesn’t Peter get extravagant? The patient gets unconscious. The patient doesn’t get unconscious. Does patient get unconscious? Doesn’t patient get unconscious? We get compelled. We don’t get compelled. Do we get compelled? Don’t we get compelled? You get jealous. You don’t get jealous. Do you get jealous? Don’t you get jealous? Kids get naughty. Kids don’t get naughty. Do kids get naughty? Don’t kids get naughty? I get restless. I don’t get restless. Do I get restless? Don’t I get restless? My mother gets cross with me. My mother doesn’t get cross with me. Does my mother get cross with me? Does my mother get cross with me? Water gets cold. Water doesn’t get cold. Does water get cold? Doesn’t water get cold? Tea gets hot. Tea doesn’t get hot. Does tea get hot? Doesn’t tea get hot? Water gets lukewarm. Water doesn’t get lukewarm. Does water get lukewarm? Doesn’t water get lukewarm? My friend gets gloomy. My friend doesn’t get gloomy. Does my friend get gloomy? Doesn’t my friend get gloomy? They get calm. They don’t get calm. Do they get calm? Don’t they get calm? Ali gets careful. Ali doesn’t get careful. Does Ali get careful? Doesn’t Ali get careful? I get enthusiastic. I don’t get enthusiastic. Do I get enthusiastic? Don’t I get enthusiastic? Petrol gets cheap. Petrol doesn’t get cheap. Does petrol get cheap? Doesn’t petrol get cheap? She gets mature. She doesn’t get mature. Does she get mature? Doesn’t she get mature? He gets nervous. He doesn’t get nervous. Does he get nervous? Doesn’t he get nervous? We get fed up. We don’t get fed up. Do we get fed up? Don’t we get fed up?

Present Simple
We use present simple to talk about repeated actions, imperatives, states, daily routines, story- telling etc.

Form: Subject + verb 1^st from + Object.

1. Affirmative:

I / we / you / they work

He / She / it / Ali works

2. Negative:

I / we / you / they do not/don’t work

He / She / it / Ali does not/doesn’t work

3. Question:

Do I / we / you / they work ?

Does he / She / it / Ali work?

4. Negative Question:

Don’t I / we / you / they work ?

Doesn’t he / She / it / Ali work ?

Note: We add s, es or ies with the verb in case of third person singulars only in affirmatives.

Spelling of third person singular forms

Most verbs: work→ works Add –s stay → stays Sit → sits

Verbs ending in consonant + y: cry → cries Change y to I and add –es hurry → hurries Reply → replies fry → fries try → tries

Verbs ending in s, x, z, ch and sh: miss → misses Add –es buzz → buzzes watch → watches Push → pushes fix → fixes

Exceptions: have → has go → goes do → does

Examples of Repeated actions:

I complain about you.

I don’t complain about you.

Do I complain about you?

Don’t I complain about you?

She complains to me.

She doesn’t complain to me.

Does she complain to me?

Doesn’t she complain to me?

I agree with you.

I don’t agree with you.

Do I agree with you?

Don’t I agree with you?

Teacher scolds us.

Teacher doesn’t scold us.

Does teacher scold us?

Doesn’t teacher scold us?

I make friends with others.

I don’t make friends with others.

Do I make friends with others?

Don’t I make friends with others?

We come on time.

We don’t come on time.

Do we come on time?

Don’t we come on time?

They stay awake/up the whole night.

They don’t stay awake/up the whole night.

Do they stay awake/up the whole night?

Don’t they stay awake/up the whole night?

My teacher makes me understand.

My teacher doesn’t make me understand.

Does my teacher make me understand?

Doesn’t my teacher make me understand?

You make children cry.

You don’t make children cry.

Do you make children cry?

Don’t you make children cry?

She makes me laugh.

She doesn’t make me laugh.

Does she make me laugh?

Doesn’t she make me laugh?

My mother consoles me.

My mother doesn’t console me.

Does my mother console me?

Doesn’t my mother console me?

I argue with you.

I don’t argue with you.

Do I argue with you?

Don’t I argue with you?

Q. Write these sentences, using the negative form of the Present Simple.

0. (He/not/live/in Mexico) He doesn't live in Mexico

1. (She / not/ work/ in a bank) _____________________

2. (I / not/ play / golf ) _____________________

3. (Paul / not / listen / to the radio) _____________________

4. (We / not / speak / French) ______________________

5. (You / not / listen/ to me!) ______________________

6. (My car / not / work) ______________________

7. ( I / not / drink / tea ) ______________________

8. (Sheila / not / eat / meat) ______________________

9. ( I / not / understand / you ) ______________________

Q. Read the following in the third person singular. Do not change the object if it is plural.

1 They wish to speak to you. (He)

2 Buses pass my house every hour.

3 They help their father. (He)

4 We change planes at New York.

5 You watch too much TV. (He)

6 They worry too much. (He)

7 I cash a cheque every month. (He)

8 I always carry an umbrella. (She)

9 They wash the floor every week. (She)

10 His sons go to the local school.

11 These hens lay brown eggs.

12 Rubber balls bounce.

13 These figures astonish me.

14 Do you like boiled eggs? (he)

15 These seats cost ?10.

16 They fish in the lake. (He)

17 Elephants never forget.

18 They usually catch the 8.10 bus.

19 They sometimes miss the bus.

20 I mix the ingredients together.

21 The rivers freeze in winter.

22 They fly from London to Edinburgh.

23 The carpets match the curtains.

24 They realize the danger.

25 I use a computer.

26 What do they do on their days off? ~ They do nothing. They lie in bed all day.

27 The boys hurry home after school.

28 They push the door open.

29 They kiss their mother.

30 They box in the gymnasium.

31 They dress well.

32 Your children rely on you.

33 They snatch ladies' handbags.

34 You fry everything.

35 The taxes rise every year.

36 They do exercises every morning.

Q. Read the following (a) in the negative (b) in the interrogative. In Nos. 2 and 14, have is used as an ordinary verb and should be treated as one.

1 You know the answer.

2 He has breakfast at 8.00.

3 He loves her.

4 Some schoolgirls wear uniforms.

5 He trusts you.

6 He tries hard.

7 The park closes at dusk.

8 He misses his mother.

9 The children like sweets.

10 He finishes work at 6.00.

11 He lives beside the sea.

12 He bullies his sisters.

13 This stove heats the water.

14 She has a cooked breakfast.

15 She carries a sleeping bag.

16 He usually believes you.

17 She dances in competitions.

18 You remember the address.

19 She plays chess very well.

20 He worries about her.

21 These thieves work at night.

22 He leaves home at 8.00 every day.

23 Ann arranges everything.

24 She agrees with you.

25 Their dogs bark all night.

26 Their neighbours often complain.

27 Tom enjoys driving at night.

28 He engages new staff every Spring.

29 Tom looks very well.

30 They sell fresh grape juice here.

31 He charges more than other photographers.

32 She cuts her husband's hair.

33 They pick the apples in October.

34 The last train leaves at midnight.

35 He relaxes at weekends.

36 She refuses to discuss it.

Imperatives:

We use imperatives for the following points.

1. Order: come here at once, note it down, move up, go away, don’t get wet in rain, type all these letters, don’t tease him again, never try to do it, go and study, switch on the TV, send him to me, take the child with you right now/at once, come in time in the meeting, prepare for the test without fail (=lazman), don’t argue with me for noting, don’t sit here purposelessly, don’t lie knowingly (=Jan boojh kay), keep your voice low, don’t use abusive language, don’t take the mobile with you, don’t come back home alone, don’t make a noise, quieten the child, get a glass of water for me right away, don’t push the red button, don’t read in the dim light, don’t go outdoors after the sunset/sundown, don’t spread your clothes around, fold your clothes yourself, sweep your room and then mop it too, don’t wake me up till 7:00am, don’t yawn in the class, don’t take a day off next time, lower your eyes, bow your head, fold your arms, keep quiet, etc.

2. Suggestion: try to speak English, chew the morsel/bite properly, don’t dine out, walk on the grass barefoot in the morning, don’t drive fast, take the child to the hospital at once, continue/carry on your study, take tuition to pass, do some part time job, read your next topic thoroughly, don’t embarrass your kids in front of others, etc.

3. Advice: respect your elders, give charity/alms, don’t back out of your words, don’t offend others, work hard, sleep early and get up early, drink at least fifteen glasses of water a day, value the time, don’t stand at the door step, always be punctual for an interview, keep away from bad company, treat the younger with affection, don’t speak ill of others behind their back, don’t waste your precious time, treat the elders respectfully, never offend others, etc.

4. Request: please call later, please have a seat, please don’t talk aloud/ loudly, kindly inform us in time, please wait for ten minutes, please wait for your turn, please count your money before you leave the counter, please mind your language, please be in your limits, please reconsider your decision, please don’t throw garbage outdoors/outside of your house, please cut your nails, please compose yourself, please collect yourself together, please don’t mind it, please try to sleep on your back, please wear/put on helmet when you ride bike, please pay your fee in time, please don’t play this matter up, please don’t interfere in my personal matters, please mind your own business, please don’t gossip about his family,etc.

Daily routines:

I get/wake up at 5:30 then I perform wudu and offer Namaz-e-Fajr. After this I walk on the grass bare foot/footed for half an hour. Then I come back home, freshen up and take breakfast. After this I get ready and go to my office. After reaching there I do my work till 1:30. Then I offer Namaz-e-Zoher, Asr and Maghrib on their times with congregation (=Jamaat) and carry on / continue my work till 7:00. After coming back home, I wash up/freshen up and take a cup of green tea. Then I take some rest and after this I go to meet my friends or sometimes they come to meet me. We discuss different things and at about/around 9:00 I come back home take dinner with my family and go to a nearby ground with my mother to walk for half an hour. After coming back home sometimes I watch TV and then get my things ready for the next day. And at 12:00 or so I go to bed/ I sleep.

Story-telling:

I’m satisfied with my job. Once/one day my boss calls me and asks me to go to Islamabad to attend a seminar. I reply, “OK.” But I have a problem. I can’t sleep during the flight so I see/meet/consult (with) my doctor for this/in this matter. He prescribes me a sleeping pill. I go to the market and buy it. Next day, I go to the air port , buy a ticket and get on the plane. After this I take pill and sleep. When I wake up I don’t see anybody and my luggage is also missing/lost/not there. I get worried and I ask an air hostess about it. She tells me to go to the air port. I go there and ask an officer about my luggage. He asks me my flight number. When I tell him that he laughs at me. I get angry and I say to him, “Why are you laughing at me?” He gets serious and says, “Sir, your flight has some technical fault that’s why you are still in Karachi not in Islamabad.

In the beginning, students are very nervous. On first day, the teacher introduces himself and gives details about the course outline. Then he starts teaching properly from the second day. He mostly uses Urdu so that every student can understand the lecture. After the lecture, he gives them examples to translate. Some translate without mistakes and some make mistakes. After few days, he starts calling students at the rostrum/podium to give presentation. Initially, they are afraid/scared but gradually they give better presentations. After almost two weeks, the teacher divides the class into two groups. Group A takes spoken class before the grammar and group B after the grammar. Some students are very passionate to learn so they spend time to practice even after both the classes that’s’ why they improve faster than others.

This is a story of Caliph Haroon Raheed and his servant Abdullah. Once Caliph asks his servant to go to market. When he is on the way back, he feels that somebody is chasing/following him. He stops and turns back and finds a tall man dressed in black. The servant gets scared and asks him, “ Who are you and why are you following me?” He says, “ I’m the Angle of Death and I’m here to take your soul. After listening to it Abdullah gets scared even more and runs to the Caliph and there is pitches a story (= Kahani garna) that his mother is seriously sick in Samra and he needs to go to see her. The Caliph gives him permission but later on he thinks that there is something wrong at the bottom. So, he decides to go to the market himself and there he finds the same tall man. The Caliph says to him, “ Why do you scare my servant?” He says, “ No, I don’t scare him. I’m surprised to see him here because I have an appointment with him in Samra tonight. So the moral of the story is “ You can never dodge your death”.

Present Progressive

1. We use Present Progressive to say that something is going on now or happening now.

Form: Subject + is/am/are (= helping verbs) + verb 1^st form + ing + Object

1. Affirmative:

I am working

You/we/they are working

He / she / it / Ali is working

2. Negative:

I am not/I’m not working.

You/we/they aren’t working.

He/she/it/Ali isn’t working.

3. Question:

Am I / we / you / they working?

Are you/we/they working?

Is he/she/it/Ali working?

4. Negative Question:

Am I not working? Or Aren’t I working?

Aren’t you/we/they working?

Isn’t he/she/it/Ali working?

Examples:

You are arguing with me.

I’m not hurrying

Are you accusing me of theft?

You are objecting to me.

Why are you laughing at me?

People are criticizing us.

I’m / am provoking you.

You are teasing me.

We are playing this matter up.

Asif is leading Namaz_e_Zohor.

She is performing wudu.

They are performing Umrah / Hajj.

Some students are getting behind the class.

Are you nursing your mother?

We are admiring you.

You are making fun of Ahmed.

Teacher is encouraging the students.

The old lady is shivering.

The patient is writhing with pain.

You are pretending to be poor.

She is pretending to be busy.

Child is pretending to be sick.

He is pretending to be ignorant.

You are wasting time on purpose / knowingly / intentionally.

How do we spell the Present Progressive Tense?

We make the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the base form of verb. Normally it's simple - we just add -ing. But sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps we double the last letter, or we drop a letter. Here are the rules to help you know how to spell the present continuous tense.

Basic rule	Just add -ing to the base form of verb:
	Work	>	working
	Play	>	Playing
	Assist	>	assisting
	See	>	Seeing
	Be	>	Being
Exception 1	If the base form of verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter: S t O p consonant stressed vowel consonant (vowels = a, e, i, o, u)
	Stop	>	stopping
	Run	>	running
	Begin	>	beginning
	Note that this exception does not apply when the last syllable of the base verb is not stressed:
	Open	>	opening
Exception 2	If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie to y:
	Lie	>	lying
	Die	>	dying
Exception 3	If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e:
	Come	>	coming
	Mistake	>	mistaking

Examples:

I am lying on the sofa.

I’m not wearing sweater inside out.

Am I wearing coat back to front?

Isn’t the glass lying upside down on the table?

You are doing it on purpose. (=jaan boojh kar)

People are protesting against the government.

Why are you staying awake/up?

We all are praying to Allah.

Why are you objecting to me?

He is asking for a huge amount.

Policeman is taking bribe.

I’m keeping my promise.

You are backing out of your words.

He is repenting for his sins.

2. We can use present progressive for temporary situations or the things which are happening nowadays or these days.

Note: We can use for(= kay liay kay meanings main) (not since) in this tense.

Examples:

We are working on a new project nowadays.

She is staying in Karachi for a week.

His brother is this shop for six months.

I’m waiting for them till 12:00am.

He is teaching French in this institute nowadays.

I’m exercising for three months.

Ali is reading a Novel these days.

We are learning English for five months.

The manager is staying at the Marriott for few days.

They are practicing for the drama for an hour.

3. We often use Present progressive to talk about the future or when we have decided to do something in the future we use present progressive.

We are arranging a party tonight.

My father is buying a new car next month.

They are spending their summer vacations in Switzerland this year.

I’m going to Islamabad day after tomorrow.

She is coming to meet us Sunday after next.

US President is visiting Pakistan next week.

She is selling her car on Friday.

My mother is coming back from Australia day after tomorrow.

We are playing cards next weekend.

4. Present Progressive for the future and Be+ going to is same.

We are going to arrange a party tonight.

My father is going to buy a new car next month.

They are going to spend their summer vacations in Switzerland this year.

I’m going to go to Islamabad day after tomorrow.

She is going to come to meet us Sunday after next.

US President is going to visit Pakistan next week.

She is going to sell her car on Friday.

My mother is going to come back from Australia day after tomorrow.

We are going to play cards next weekend.

Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the be going to form.

1 You (miss) your train.

2 The pressure cooker (explode).

3 When you (pay) the bill?

4 She (dye) the old curtains blue.

5 We (make) this whisky bottle into a lamp.

6 What you (do) with this room? ~ I (paint) the walls in black and white stripes.

7 The umpire (blow) his whistle.

8 You (eat) all that?

9 That man with the tomato in his hand (throw) it at the speaker.

10 That door (slam).

11 The bull (attack)us.

12 It (rain). Look at those clouds.

13 The cat (have) kittens.

14 The men in the helicopter (try) to rescue the man in the water.

15 That rider (fall) off.

16 These two men (cycle) across Africa.

17 The Lord Mayor is standing up. He (make) a speech.

18 He (grow) a beard when he leaves school.

19 This aeroplane (crash).

20 I (stop) here for a moment to get some petrol.

21 You (ask) him to help you?

22 I've lent you my car once. I (not do) it again.

23 I have seen the play. Now I (read) the book.

24 Small boy: I (be) a frogman when I grow up.

25 I (not sleep) in this room. It is haunted.

26 We (buy) a metal detector and look for buried treasure.

27 You (reserve) a seat?

28 I (plant) an oak tree here.

29 The dog (bury) the bone.

30 I (have) a bath.

31 I (smuggle) this out of the country,

32 There was very little blossom this spring. Apples (be) scarce.

33 I don't like this macaroni. I (not finish) it.

34 I (not stay) here another minute.

35 They (try) him for manslaughter when he comes out of hospital.

36 We (make) a lot of money out of this.

5) We can also use present progressive tense for Temporary states with am-is-are being

The verb be + adjective is used in the progressive to describe a temporary characteristic. Very few adjectives are used with be in the progressive; some of the most common are: foolish, nice, kind, lazy,

Careful, impatient, silly, rude, ignorant, polite, impolite.

In English, if I say Mary is quiet, the usual meaning is that Mary is a quiet person.

However, if I say Mary is being quiet, I mean that temporarily Mary is quiet, but she is not always this way.

If I say that Jack is being foolish, I don't mean that Jack is usually a foolish man. I mean that right now, temporarily, Jack is doing something that is foolish.

Examples:

Why are you being foolish?

I know she is being nice.

He is being kind for his personal benefit.

You are being rude for nothing.

He is being polite because he is at fault.

6) Using the progressive + always to complain

The present progressive is usually used for those actions that are happening (in progress) right now. However, we have a special use of the present progressive to talk about situations where we have a strong, negative emotional feeling.

It doesn't make sense to say Mary is always helping me with my homework. For most people that's a good thing.

I could say My roommate, Jack, is always leaving his dirty dishes in the sink. He should wash them.

Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

• She is always coming to class late.
• He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
• I don't like them because they are always complaining.

7. Non-progressive Verbs

Common non-progressive verbs
(1) mental state		Know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, think*, imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, prefer, mean.
(2) emotional state			Love, like, appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, envy, mind, care.
(3) possessions	Possess, have*, own, belong.
(4) sense perception				Taste*, smell*, feel*, see*, hear.
(5) other existing states					Seem, look*, appear*, weigh*, be*, cost, owe, exist, consist of, contain, include.

Note: Verbs with stars are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a difference in meaning, as in the following examples.

Non-progressive (existing state)		Progressive (activity in progress)
Think	I think he is a kind man.	I’m thinking about you.
Have	He has a car.	I’m having trouble.
Taste	This food tastes good.	The chef is tasting the sauce.
Smell	These flowers smell good.	She is smelling the roses.
See	I see a butterfly.	The doctor is seeing a patient.
Feel	The cat’s fur feels soft.	She is feeling the cat’s fur.
Look	She looks.	I’m looking out of the window.
Appear	He appears sleepy.	The actor is appearing on the stage.
Weigh	This piano weighs a lot.	I’m weighing the mangoes.
Be	I’m hungry.	Tom is being foolish.

Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous tense. In No. 25, have is used as an ordinary verb and can therefore be used in the continuous tense.

1 She (not work), she (swim) in the river.

2 He (teach) his boy to ride.

3 Why Ann (not wear) her new dress?

4 The airplane (fly) at 2,000 metres.

5 What Tom (do) now? He (clean) his shoes.

6 This fire (go) out. Somebody (bring) more coal?

7 It (rain)?~ Yes, it (rain) very hard. You can't go out yet.

8 Why you (mend) that old shirt?

9 You (not tell) the truth. ~ How do you know that I (not tell) the truth?

10 Who (move) the furniture about upstairs? ~ It's Tom. He (paint) the front bedroom.

11 Mrs Jones (sweep) the steps outside her house.

12 What you (read) now? I (read) Crime and Punishment.

13 It is a lovely day. The sun (shine) and the birds (sing).

14 Someone (knock) at the door. Shall I answer it? ~ I (come) in a minute. I just (wash) my hands.

15 She always (ring) up and (ask) questions.

16 Why you (make) a cake? Someone (come) to tea?

17 Where is Tom? ~ He (lie) under the car.

18 Can I borrow your pen or you (use) it at the moment?

19 You (do) anything this evening? ~ No, I'm not. - Well, I (go) to the cinema. Would you like to come with me?

20 We (have) breakfast at 8.00 tomorrow as Tom (catch) an early train.

21 Ann usually does the shopping, but I (do) it today as she isn't well.

22 Why you (type) so fast? You (make) a lot of mistakes.

23 Mother (rest) now. She always rests after lunch.

24 They (dig) an enormous hole just outside my gate. ~ What they (do) that for? ~ I don't know. Perhaps they (look) for oil.

25 What (make) that terrible noise? ~

Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present progressive tense.

1 Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.

2 You can't see Tom now: he (have) a bath.
3 He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.

4 What she (do) in the evenings? ~ She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV.

5 I won't go out now as it (rain) and I -(not have) an umbrella.

6 The last train (leave) the station at 11.30.

7 He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.

8 Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes.

9 Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays.

10 I'm afraid I've broken one of your coffee cups. — Don't worry. I (not like) that set anyway.

11 I (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.

12 Tom can't have the newspaper now because his aunt (read) it.

13 I'm busy at the moment. I (redecorate) the sitting room.

14 The kettle (boil) now. Shall I make the tea?

15 You (enjoy) yourself or would you like to leave now? - I (enjoy) myself very much. I (want) to stay to the end.
16 How you (get) to work as a rule? ~ I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in Tom's car.

17 Why you (put) on your coat? ~ I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me?- Yes, I'd love to come. You (mind) if I bring my dog?

18 How much you (owe) him?- I (owe) him ?5. ~ You (intend) to pay him?

19 You (belong) to your local library? - Yes, I do. - You (read) a lot?- Yes, quite a lot. - How often you (change) your books? — I (change) one every day.

20 Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able to learn modern Greek.

21 I always (buy) lottery tickets but I never (win) anything.

22 You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday tomorrow.

23 I won't tell you my secret unless you (promise) not to tell anyone. - I (promise).

24 You always (write) with your left hand?

25 You (love) him?- No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him.

26 You (dream) at night?- Yes, I always (dream) and if I (eat) too much supper I (have) nightmares.

27 The milk (smell) sour. You (keep) milk a long time?

28 These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).

29 We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken.

30 He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it.

31 You (know) why an apple (fall) down and not up?

32 You (write) to him tonight? - Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You (want) to send any message?

33 Tom and Mr Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they (talk) about.

34 You (believe) all that the newspapers say?-No, I (not believe) any of it. ~Then why you (read) newspapers?

35 This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right?- Oh, that noise (not matter). It always (make) a noise like that.

36 The fire (smoke) horribly. I can't see across the room. - I (expect) that birds (build) a nest in the chimney. -

Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present progressive tense.

1 What Tom (think) of the Budget? - He (think) it most unfair. ~ I (agree) with him.

2 What this one (cost)?- It (cost) forty pence.

3 You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.

4 You (see) my car keys anywhere? - No, I (look) for them but I (not see) them.

5 He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.

6 This book is about a man who (desert) his family and (go) to live on a Pacific island.

7 You (understand) what the lecturer is saying? ~ No, I (not understand) him at all.

8 What you (have) for breakfast usually? ~ I usually (eat) a carrot and (drink) a glass of cold water.

9 When the curtain (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) factory gate.

10 Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly. ~ I (hurry) because I (meet) my mother at 4 o'clock and she (not like) to be kept waiting.

11 I (wish) that dog would lie down. He (keep) jumping up on my lap. ~ I (think) he (want) to go for a walk.

12 You (recognize) that man? ~ I (think) that I have seen him before but I (not remember) his name

13 Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.

14 This message has just arrived and the man (wait) in case you (want) to send a reply.

15 Stop! You (not see) the notice? ~ I (see) it but I can't read it because I (not wear) my glasses. What it (say)? ~ It (say) 'These premises are patrolled by guard dogs'.

16 She always (borrow) from me and she never (remember) to pay me back.

17 You (need) another blanket or you (feel) warm enough?

18 It (save) time if you (take) the path through the wood? ~ No, it (not matter) which path you take.

19 I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July.

20 I (think) it is a pity you don't take more exercise. You (get) fat.

21 The plane that you (look) at now just (take) off for Paris,

22 Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.

23 What he (do) to his car now? ~ I (think) he (polish) it.

24 That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?

25 How Peter (get) on at school? ~ Very well. He (seem) to like the life.

26 Why Mrs Pitt (look) so angry? ~ Mr Pitt (smoke) a cigarette and (drop) the ash on the carpet.

27 This is our itinerary. We (leave) home on the 8th, (arrive) in Paris on the 9th, (spend) the day in Paris, and (set) out that night for Venice. ~ That (sound) most interesting. You must tell me all about it when you (get) back.

28 This story is about a boy who (make) friends with a snake which he (find) in his garden. Then he (go) away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he (return) and (look) for it.

29 He (find) the snake who (recognize) its old friend and (coil) round him affectionately. But, unfortunately, the snake is by now a full-grown boa-constrictor and its embrace (kill) the poor boy.

30 The snake (feel) sorry about this?- I (not know). The story (end) there.

31 How you (end) a letter that (begin), 'Dear Sir'? ~ I always (put), 'Yours truly', but Tom (prefer) 'Yours faithfully'.

32 What the word 'catastrophe' (mean)? ~ It (mean) 'disaster'.

33 What you (wait) for?- I (wait) for the shop to open. - But it (not open) till 9.00. - I (know) but I (want) to be early, as their sale (start) today.

34 Why you (smoke) a cigar, Mrs Pitt? You (not smoke) cigars as a rule. ~ I (smoke) it because I (want) the ash. This book (say) that cigar ash mixed with oil (remove) heat stains from wood.

35 Who (own) this umbrella? ~ I (not know). Everybody (use) it but nobody (know) who (own) it.

36 You (mind) if I (ask) you a question? ~ That (depend) on the question. ~ It (concern) your brother. ~ I (refuse) to answer any question about my brother.

Present Perfect

1) We use present perfect tense to say that something started in the past and finished in the present with a

result or when we have a present result of a past action, we use present perfect.

Form: Subject + have/has + verb3rd form + object.

Affirmatives:

I / we / you / they’ve / have worked.

He / she / it / Ali’s / has worked.

Negatives:

I / You / we / they’ve not / have not worked.

He / she / it / Ali hasn’t / has not worked.

Questions:

Have I / we / you / they worked?

Has he / she / it / Ali worked?

Negative questions:

Haven’t I / we / you / they worked?

Hasn’t he / she / it / Ali worked?

Examples:

eg) She hasn’t kept her feelings back. (=apni kayfiat chupana)

eg) You have backed out of your words. (= baat say phirna)

eg) She has felt dizzy.(=Chakkar ana)

eg) We have brought mother around. (= manana)

eg) Some boys have used cribs in the test. (=cheating material)

eg) The child has broken the glass.

Q. Write sentences in present perfect.

1. Phil / not / miss / the bus

2. they / not / plant / a tree

3. Vanessa / catch / the ball

4. we / sell / our old car

5. the train / leave / the station

6. she/finish/homework

7. he/do/the shopping

8. I/visit/Hanoi several times

9. He/paint/the house two times so far

10. She/never/visit/ the USA

Q. Write questions in present perfect simple.

1. you / correct / my mistakes

2. you / practise / your English

3. She / tidy up / her room

4. the boss / sign / the letter

5. Mary / shut / the door

6. Ali/go/out

7. Your parents/go/to Islamabad

8. You/visit/ the Great Wall

9. How long/ you/know/ him

10. She/clean/ the floor

2) We use present perfect tense to give a piece a of news or information about a recent past happening

without using past time expressions like yesterday, ago, last night/Monday/week/month etc.

eg) Police has taken bribe.

eg) Family members have taken offence.

eg) She has got first position.

eg) They have won the match.

eg) Some prisoners have escaped.

eg) Rain has stopped.

eg) They have taken the patient to the hospital.

3) We can use present perfect tense for the states which were not only there in the past but in the present as well.

eg) I have been worried for many days.

eg) You have been in Islamabad for a week.

eg) My mother has been ill for two days.

eg) Child has been stubborn since beginning.

eg) I have had fever for two days.

eg) These people haven’t had anything to eat for some days.

eg) How long have you had this mobile?

eg) How long have you been in this company?

4) We can also use Present Perfect for visits:

COMPARE

GONE TO	BEEN TO
eg) She has gone to Australia.(=It means she is in Australia)	eg) She has been to Australia. (=It means she went to Australia and come back as well)

Note: “Been” is the past participle of both the verbs go and come. And “to” is preposition that follows
a noun (name of a place). If there is no noun, we drop to too.

Examples:
She has been to America once.
You have been to England twice.
They have been to Japan thrice.
He hasn’t been to Lahore even once.
My brother has never been to Islamabad.
We have never ever been to Canada.
How many times have you been to Lahore?
How many times has she been to America?
I have been there many times.
Why haven’t you been here?
Your father hasn’t been to the market yet.
Have you ever been here before?
She has never been there.
My elder brother has been to Malaysia several times.

5) Adverbs used in Present Perfect:

i) Just: A short time ago.

eg) I have just got free.

eg) She has just arrived.

eg) They have just started.

ii) Already: Sooner than expected

eg) We have already missed a chance.

eg) She has already got late.

eg) Ahmed has already got a job.

iii) Hardly: Almost not

eg) I have hardly understood the lecture.

eg) She has hardly regained her health.

eg) You have hardly swallowed a bite.

iv) Recently/Lately: In the last few days or weeks

eg) I have recently been to Australia.

eg) They have recently started a new business.

eg) She has recently become a doctor.

v) So far: Until now. ( note: used in + and ? )

eg) I have checked four papers so far.

eg) She has passed ten students so far.

eg) What have you done so far?

vi) Yet: used in negative statements and questions to talk about whether something that was expected has

happened.

eg) They haven’t come yet.

eg) Electricity hasn’t come back yet.

eg) Why haven’t you written my name yet?

6. Note that there is a difference between last and the last. Compare:

(a) I have been here since last week ( month, year etc. ) and

(b) I have been here for the last week.

Last week, in (a), means a point in time about seven days ago. the last week, in (b), means the period of seven days just completed.

7. It has been/ is -t- period + since + past or perfect tense

We can say:

It has been/is three years since I (last) saw Bill or

It has been/is three years since I have seen Bill.

I last saw Bill three years ago or

/ haven't seen Bill for three years.

It has been/ is two months since Tom (last) smoked a cigarette or

It has been/is two months since Tom has smoked a cigarette.

He last smoked a cigarette two months ago or

Q. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using for or since.

1 We've been fishing . . . two hours.

2 I've been working in this office . . . a month.

3 They've been living in France . . . 1970.

4 He has been in prison . . . a year.

5 I've known that . . . a long time.

6 That man has been standing there . . . six o'clock.

7 She has driven the same car . . . 1975.

8 Things have changed . . . I was a girl.

9 The kettle has been boiling . . . a quarter of an hour.

10 The central heating has been on . . . October.

11 That trunk has been in the hall . . . a year.

12 He has been very ill . . . the last month.

13 I've been using this machine . . . twelve years.

14 We've been waiting . . . half an hour.

15 Mr Pitt has been in hospital . . . his accident.

16 He hasn't spoken to me . . . the last committee meeting.

17 I have been very patient with you . . . several years.

18 They have been on strike . . . November.

19 The strike has lasted . . . six months.

20 It has been very foggy . . . early morning.

21 They have been quarrelling ever . . . they got married.

22 I've been awake . . . four o'clock.

23 I've been awake . . . a long time.

24 We've had no gas . . . the strike began.

25 I've earned my own living . . . I left school.

26 Nobody has seen him . . . last week.

27 The police have been looking for me . . . four days.

28 I haven't worn low-heeled shoes . . . I was at school.

29 He had a bad fall last week and . . . then he hasn't left the house.

30 He has been under water . . . half an hour.

31 That tree has been there . . . 2,000 years.

32 He has been Minister of Education . . . 1983.

33 I've been trying to open this door . . . forty-five minutes.

34 He hasn't eaten anything . . . twenty-four hours.

35 We've had terrible weather . . . the last month.

36 Nobody has come to see us . . . we bought these bloodhounds.

Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary.

You (wash) the plates? ~ Yes, I...

Have you washed the plates? ~ Yes, I have.

You (see) him lately? ~ No, I... Have you seen him lately?~ No, I haven't.

1 Where you (be)? ~ I (be) to the dentist.

2 You (have) breakfast? ~ Yes, 1...

3 The post (come)? ~ Yes, it . . .

4 You (see) my watch anywhere? ~ No, I'm afraid I . . .

5 Someone (wind) the clock? ~ Yes, Tom . . .

6 I (not finish) my letter yet.

7 He just (go) out.

8 Someone (take) my bicycle.

9 The phone (stop) ringing.

10 You (hear) from her lately? - No, 1...

11 I just (wash) that floor.

12 The cat (steal) the fish.

13 You (explain) the exercise? ~ Yes, 1...

14 There aren't any buses because the drivers (go) on strike.

15 You (have) enough to eat? ~ Yes, I (have) plenty, thank you.

16 Charles (pass) his exam? ~ Yes, he...

17 How many bottles the milkman (leave)? ~ He (leave) six.

18 I (live) here for ten years.

19 How long you (know) Mr Pitt? ~ I (know) him for ten years.

20 Would you like some coffee? I just (make) some.

21 Mary (water) the tomatoes? ~ Yes, I think she . . .

22 You (not make) a mistake? ~No, I'm sure I . . .

23 Why you (not mend) the fuse? ~ I (not have) time.

24 You (dive) from the ten-metre board yet? ~ No, I...

25 You ever (leave) a restaurant without paying the bill? ~ No, I...

26 I (ask) him to dinner several times.

27 He always (refuse).

28 You ever (ride) a camel?

29 I (buy) a new carpet. Come and look at it.

30 He (post) the letter?

31 Why he (not finish)? He (have) plenty of time.

32 I often (see) him but I never (speak) to him.

33 You ever (eat) Chinese rice? ~ No, 1...

34 We just (hear) the most extraordinary news.

35 The police (recapture) the prisoners who escaped yesterday.

36 I (not pay) the telephone bill yet.

Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or simple past tense. Fill the spaces by

repeating the auxiliary used in the preceding verb.

You (see) Mary on Monday? ~ Yes, I... Did you see Mary on Monday?' Yes, I did.

1 Where is Tom?- I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he'd be in for dinner.

2 I (buy) this in Bond Street. ~ How much you (pay) for it? ~ I (pay) ?100.

3 Where you (find) this knife? ~ I (find) it in the garden. ~ Why you (not leave) it there?

4 I (lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere? ~ No, I'm afraid 1.... When you last (wear) them? ~ I (wear) them at the theatre last night. ~ Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre.

5 Do you know that lady who just (leave) the shop? ~ Yes, that is Miss Thrift. Is she a customer of yours? ~ Not exactly. She (be) in here several times but she never (buy) anything.

6 He (leave) the house at 8.00. ~ Where he (go)? ~ I (not see) where he (go). 7 He (serve) in the First World War. ~ When that war (begin)? ~ It (begin) in 1914 and (last) for four years.

8 Who you (vote) for at the last election? ~ I (vote) for Mr Pitt. ~ He (not be) elected, (be) he? ~ No, he (lose) his deposit.

9 You (like) your last job? ~ I (like) it at first but then I (quarrel) with my employer and he (dismiss) me. ~ How long you (be) there? ~ I (be) there for two weeks.

10 I (not know) that you (know) Mrs Pitt. How long you (know) her? ~ I (know) her for ten years.

11 That is Mr Minus, who teaches me mathematics, but he (not have) time to teach me much. I only (be) in his class for a week.

12 You (hear) his speech on the radio last night? ~ Yes, I . . . ~What you (think) of it?

13 I (not know) that you (be) here. You (be) here long? ~ Yes, I (be) here two months. ~ You (be) to the Cathedral? ~ Yes, I (go) there last Sunday.

14 You ever (try) to give up smoking? ~ Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting fat so I (start) again.

15 You (see) today's paper? ~ No, anything interesting (happen)? Yes, two convicted murderers (escape) from the prison down the road.

16 Mary (feed) the cat? ~ Yes, she (feed) him before lunch. ~ What she (give) him? ~ She (give) him some fish.

17 How long you (know) your new assistant? ~ I (know) him for two years. ~ What he (do) before he (come) here? ~ I think he (be) in prison.

18 I (not see) your aunt recently. ~ No. She (not be) out of her house since she (buy) her colour TV.

19 The plumber(be)here yet? ~ Yes, but he only (stay) for an hour. ~ What he (do) in that time? ~ He (turn) off the water and (empty) the tank.

20 Where you (be)? I (be) out in a yacht. ~ You (enjoy) it? ~ Yes, very much. We (take) part in a race. ~ You (win)? ~

No, we (come) in last.

21 How long that horrible monument (be) there? ~ It (be) there six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done.

22 I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it? ~ No, 1.... Is it like the book? ~ I (not read) the book. ~ I (read) it when I (be) at school. ~ When Tolstoy (write) it? ~ He (write) it in 1868. ~ He (write) anything else?

23 Hannibal (bring) elephants across the Alps. ~ Why he (do) that? ~ He (want) to use them in battle.

24 Where you (be)? ~ I (be) to the dentist. ~He (take) out your bad tooth? ~ Yes, he . . . ~ It (hurt)?- Yes, horribly.

25 She (say) that she'd phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not phone) yet.

26 I just (receive) a letter saying that we (not pay) this quarter's electricity bill. I (not give) you the money for that last week? ~ Yes, you . . . but I'm afraid I (spend) it on something else.

27 How long you (be) out of work? ~ I'm not out of work now. I just (start) a new job. ~ How you (find) the job? ~

I (answer) an advertisement in the paper.

28 You (finish) checking the accounts? ~ No, not quite. I (do) about half so far.

29 I (cut) my hand rather badly. Have you a bandage? ~ I'll get you one. How it (happen)? ~ I was chopping some wood and the axe (slip).

30 How you (get) that scar? ~ I (get) it in a car accident a year ago.

31 You (meet) my brother at the lecture yesterday? ~ Yes, I .. .. We (have) coffee together afterwards.

32 He (lose) his job last month and since then he (be) out of work. ~ Why he (lose) his job? ~ He (be) very rude to Mr Pitt.

33 What are all those people looking at? ~ There (be) an accident. ~ You (see) what (happen)? ~ Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry.

34 I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer.

35 Originally horses used in bull fights (not wear) any protection, but for some time now they (wear) special padding,

36 That house (be) empty for a year. But they just (take) down the 'For Sale' sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.

Present Perfect Progressive

We can use present perfect progressive to say that something started in the past and is still going on.

Form: Subject + have/has been + -ing form of verb + object

eg) We have been trying to find you for many days.

eg) I haven’t been typing for an hour.

eg) You have been speaking ill of others for the last 15 minutes.

eg) The shopkeeper has been fleecing customer for many years.

eg) It has been drizzling since morning.

eg) It has been pouring down for a week.

Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous tense

1 I (make) cakes. That is why my hands are all covered with flour.

2 Her phone (ring) for ten minutes. I wonder why she doesn't answer it.

3 He (overwork). That is why he looks so tired.

4 There is sawdust in your hair. ~

I'm not surprised. I (cut) down a tree.

5 Have you seen my bag anywhere? I (look) for it for ages.

6 What you (do)? ~

I (work) in the laboratory.

7 He (study) Russian for two years and doesn't even know the alphabet yet.

8 How long you (wait) for me? ~

I (wait) about half an hour.

9 It (rain) for two days now. There'11 be a flood soon.

10 We (argue) about this for two hours now. Perhaps we should stop

11 I (bathe). That's why my hair is all wet.

12 You (drive) all day. Let me drive now.

13 How long you (wear) glasses?

14 The petrol gauge (say) 'Empty' for quite a long time now. Don't think we should get

some petrol?

15 I'm sorry for keeping you waiting. I (try) to make a telephone call Rome.

16 You (not eat) enough lately. That's why you feel irritable,

17 He (speak) for an hour now. I expect he'll soon be finished.

18 That helicopter (fly) round the house for the last hour; do you think it's taking

photographs?

19 The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off.

20 I (shop) all day and I haven't a penny left.

21 We (live) here since 1977.

22 I'm on a diet. I (eat) nothing but bananas for the last month.

23 The children (look) forward to this holiday for months.

24 That pipe (leak) for ages. We must get it mended.

25 Tom (dig) in the garden all afternoon and I (help) him.

26 I (ask) you to mend that window for six weeks. When are you going to do it?

27 Someone (use) my bicycle. The chain's fallen off.

28 How long you (drive)? ~

I (drive) for ten years.

29 The trial (go) on for a long time. I wonder what the verdict will be.

30 It (snow) for three days now. The roads will be blocked if it doesn't stop soon.

31 Mary (cry)? ~

No, she (not cry), she (peel) onions.

32 The car (make) a very curious noise ever since it ran out of oil.

33 He walked very unsteadily up the stairs and his wife said, 'You (drink)!'

34 Your fingers are very brown. You (smoke) too much.

35 You usually know when someone (eat) garlic.

36 Ever since he came to us that man (try) to make trouble.

Past Simple / Indefinite

.

Form:

Affirmative	Negative	Question	Negative question
I / we worked. You worked. He/she/it/they/Ali worked.	I did not/didn’t work. You did not/didn’t work. He/she/it/they/Ali did not/ didn’t work.	Did I work? Did you work? Did he/she/it/they/Ali work?	Didn’t I work? Didn’t you work? Didn’t he/she/it/they/Ali work?

Uses of the past simple:

*We use the past simple for an action in the past.

Examples:

The shop opened last week.

I bought a car yesterday.

When did you wake up in the morning?

She told me to switch on the TV.

I didn’t meet Tom on the way.

Did she compel you?

He came and consoled me.

I confuted my opponent.

Kids crammed up the whole poem.

All the pilgrims gave charity to the poor.

I told him to apologize to his father.

Why did you argue with your mother?

My father bounced back after a terrible kidney infection.

He broke with his best friend.

I lost my temper for nothing/ for no good reason.

At last she came around / round / into her senses.

Some students used cribs in the examination hall.

Did she get well soon?

You humiliated him over a small matter.

I never wasted my precious time.

You made the most of your time.

They made my blood boil.

I made a lot of mistakes.

Why did you make an announcement?

I borrowed money from my friend.

All kids kept quiet.

You always stood by me.

She fell headlong and became unconscious.

*The past simple is the normal tense in the stories.

eg) Once upon a time a Princess went into a wood and sat down by a stream.

*Some typical time expressions with the past simple are yesterday, this morning/evening, last week/year, a week/month ago, that day/afternoon, the other day/week, at eleven o’clock, on Tuesday, in 1950, just, recently, once, earlier, then, next, after that.

Note:

a) With the past simple we often say when the action happened.

I bought some fruits yesterday.

She went to the hospital yesterday. ( It is clear that the action bought happened yesterday.)

* Sometimes there is no phrase of time, but we understand a definite time in the past.

I didn’t eat/have any breakfast.

My sister took this photo.

b) We can also use past simple for repeated actions.

We went to London thrice last year.

The children always played in the garden.

*We can also use past simple for states.

I was younger then.

The Romans had a huge Empire.

We stayed there for several weeks.

She wasn’t alive.

Was he with you?

Wasn’t she interested in studying Arts?

They were determined to work hard.

Why were you absent from the class?

She had a chance to go to England.

We had a car.

She didn’t have headache.

What did you have to eat?

You had nothing to say.

You didn’t have anything to say.

I had questions in my mind to ask.

Did you have any doubt?

Note:

a) There are other ways of expressing repeated actions in the past.

We used to go to Australia.

The children used to play in the garden.

*Used to

a) Used to expresses a past habit or state.

I used to come here when I was a child.

People used to come here in the evening for a walk.

I used to have a bicycle but I sold it.

She used to be shy.

There used to a hotel here.

This building used to be a hospital.

She didn’t use to have money.

What did we use to have?

He used to get first position.

How much money did you use to earn monthly?

Who used to teach you?

What did you use to have/eat in your breakfast?

My father used to walk for miles everyday.

The child used to get sick in every winter.

When did you use to get up in the morning?

Where did you use to go to practice?

How many people used to walk in this park?

*I used to come here means that at one period I came here regularly, but then I stopped.

*There is no present-tense form.

Not I use to come here now.

Spelling of regular affirmative past tense forms

Most regular verbs: work → worked Add –ed stay → stayed show → showed wonder→ wondered visit → visited gallop → galloped

Verbs ending in –e: hope → hoped Add –d decide → decided

Verbs ending in one stressed vowel shop → shopped + one consonant (except w or y): plan → planned Double the consonant and add –ed reٰfer → referred But (last syllable not stressed): reٰgret → regretted ٰoffer → offered ٰvisit → visited

Verbs ending in consonant + y: hurry → hurried Change y to I and add –ed cry → cried study → studied But (vowel + y ): play → played

Note: Verbs ending in –c have ck in the past (e.g. picnic → picnicked ).

In British English, -l is doubled in the past after one short vowel even if the vowel is not

stressed: ‘travel → traveled.

Q. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the past simple tense.

1 I go to work by bus.

2 I meet her on Tuesdays.

3 He always wears black.

4 I make cakes every week.

5 She gets up at 6.30.

6 He understands me.

7 He shuts the shop at 6.00.

8 She speaks slowly.

9 He leaves the house at 9.00.

10 I read a chapter every night.

11 You eat too much.

12 I see him every day.

13 Tom sings in the choir.

14 He cries when he is hurt.

15 Who knows the answer?

16 I think I know it.

17 The curtain rises at 8.00.

18 He takes the dog out twice a day.

19 We buy them here.

20 I dream every night.

21 Birds often lay eggs in their nests.

22 He often feels ill.

23 I know what he wants.

24 I usually pay him?

25 His dog always bites me.

26 It smells odd.

27 It costs 30p.

28 My back hurts.

29 I lie down after lunch.

30 We drink water.

31 His roses grow well.

32 He rides every day.

33 He often falls off.

34 These dogs fight whenever they meet.

35 He puts up his prices every year.

36 He sleeps badly.

Q. Put the verbs in the following sentences into (a) the negative (b) the interrogative.

1 She saw your brother.

2 We heard a terrible noise.

3 He slept till 10.00.

4 He looked at the picture.

5 They drank all the wine.

6 They set out early enough.

7 She thought about it.

8 The police caught the thief.

9 He hid the letter.

10 She found her watch.

11 His nose bled.

12 My mother chose this hotel.

13 She lent you enough money.

14 Keiko taught Japanese.

15 Tom hurt his foot.

16 He broke his arm.

17 His wife came at 8.00.

18 He lost his wallet.

19 His son wrote a novel.

20 They flew to New York.

21 Ann drew you a map.

22 Tom laid the table.

23 Mr Pitt fell downstairs.

24 She lost her way.

25 He forbade her to leave.

26 I sent it to the laundry.

27 Jack kept the money.

28 He rode slowly.

29 They spent it all.

30 She sold the car.

31 Jean rang the bell.

32 The sun rose at 6.00.

33 The boys ran home.

34 He shook the bottle.

35 He forgave her.

36 They broadcast an appeal for money.

Past Progressive

1) We use past progressive tense to say that something was happening or going on.

.

Form: Subject + was/were + verb1st form + ing +object.

Affirmatives:

I/he/she/it/Ali was working.
You/we/they were working.

Negatives:

I/he/she/it/Ali was working.
You/we/they were working.

Questions:

Was I/he/she/it/Ali working?
Were you/we/they working?

Negative questions:

Wasn’t I/he/she/it/Ali working?
Weren’t you/we/they working?