Sir Faisal Amin

Whenever we want to convey or reproduce someone’s words or ideas here we have to ways:

1. Quoted Speech: Quoted speech is a speech through which we convey someone’s exact words inside of quotations marks. Quoted speech is also called direct speech.
2. Reported speech: Reported speech is a speech through which we convey someone’s idea by our own words.

E.g; Hamid said, “I watch T.V today. è Hamid said that he watched T.V the previous day.

Abid said, “I want to buy a car.” è Abid said that he wanted to buy a car.

Difference between Quoted speech and Reported speech

Q: convey someone’s exact idea. R: Convey not someone’s exact idea.

Q: use comma R: no comma is used.

Q: use quotation marks. R: no quotation marks are used.

Q: use subject with complete letter. R: no complete letter.

Q: no change of tense. R: change of tense usually.

Q: no change adverb. R: change of adverb.

Q: no usage of that. R: (that) is used optionally.

Q: no change of pronoun. R: change of pronoun.

Hamid said, “I am watching T.V. è Hamid said that he was watching T.V.

Tense sequence in quoted and reported speech

Present Family:

1) Simple Present Tense è Simple Past Tense

Shehryaar said. “I play soccer “. Shehryaar said that he played soccer.

2) Present Continuous Tense è Past Continuous Tense

The students said, “We are playing soccer”. The students said that they were playing soccer.

3) Present Perfect Tense è Past Perfect Tense

Basit said, “I have written a letter”. Basit said that he had written a letter.

4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense è Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Adil said, “I have been working in the office”. Adil said that he had been working in the office.

Past Family:

1) Simple Past Tense è Past Perfect Tense

Tariq said, “I went to Kabul last year”. Tariq said that he had gone to Kabul the previous year.

2) Past Continuous Tense è Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Ajmal said,” I was watching T.V yesterday”. Ajmal said that he had been watching T.V previous day.

3) Past Perfect Tense è Past Perfect Tense

The children said, “We had taken lunch”. The children said that they had taken lunch.

4) Past Perfect Continuous Tense è Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Farid said, “I had been working in the office”. Farid said that he had been working in the office.

Future Family:

1) Will è Would

Ali said, “I will start a new business”. Ali said that he would start a new class the next day.

2) Won’t è Wouldn’t

Zahid said, “I won’t play soccer tomorrow”. Zahid said that wouldn’t play soccer the following day.

3) Be going to è Was/Were going to

The students said, “We are going to attend the class next week”.

The students said that they were going to attend the class the coming day.

Some other changes:

Can è Could

May è Might

Have to

Has to had to

Must to

Should è Should (no change)

Ought to è Ought to (no change)

Shall è Should

How to change interrogative sentences from Quoted speech to Reported speech

Whenever we want to change interrogative sentences to reported speech we use ask, wanted to know in stead of said.

1. Yes/No Questions:

Structure: sub + ask + if/whether + sub + verb + rest of sentence

Safi said, “Can the students swim in the pool?”

Safi asked me if the students could swim in the pool.

Shahid said, “Will the teacher come today?”

Shahid asked me if the teacher would come the following day.

Hamza said, “Does the child play with toys?”

Hamza asked me if the child played toys.

Ali said, “Doesn’t the child play with toys?

Ali asked me if the child didn’t play with toys.

2. W.H Questions:

Structure: sub + asked + W.H word + sub + verb + rest of sentence

The old man said, “where is the hospital?”

The old man asked me where the hospital is.

Using Tell in reported speech:

Sometimes in reported speech tell is used instead of say.

Haroon said, “ I play cricket”.

Haroon said that he played cricket.

Haroon told, “I play cricket”.

Haroon told me that he played cricket.

Between said and clause there is no object while told is followed by an object.

Shahid said, “I watch T.V. è Shahid said that he watched T.V.

Shahid says, “I watch T.V”. è Shahid says that he watches T.V.

How to change imperative sentences to reported speech

E.g: Close the door. è He ordered me to close the door.

Respect your parents. èThe teacher advised me to respect my parents.

Bring a glass of water please. è Ahmad requested me to bring a glass of water.

Some other necessary changes in reported speech

Now Then

Yesterday The previous day

Tomorrow The following day/the coming day

Two days ago The day before last

This That

These Those

Here There

Today That day

Tonight That night

This morning That morning

This year That year

Four years ago Four years later

The day before yesterday Two days ago

What a car! Hamid shouted what a car

Gerund and Infinitive:

Gerund: verb+ING functions as a noun in a sentence is called gerund.

Infinitive: The non-finite form of a verb, which doesn’t relate to any tense is called infinitive.

E.g; Watching T.V is fun. She wants to play cricket.

Notes:

1) Gerund and infinitive are also called verbal nouns.

Verb:

· Finite verb

· Non-finite verb

He plays cricket. è He played cricket.

She wants to play cricket. è She wanted to play cricket.

2) English grammar verb + ING has three functions

· verb + ING: as a verb used after the form of be in progressive tenses.

They are watching T.V.

· Verb + ING as present participle adjective used to modify noun or pronoun.

The class is interesting This is an interesting class.

· Verb + ING: as noun used as subject or object of sentence.

He enjoys watching T.V. Playing cricket is easy.

Some common usages of gerund s and infinitives:

Gerund and Infinitive have four common usages:

1. Some common verbs: (want, decide, plan, wish, hope) are followed by infinitives, if gerund is used incorrect

E.g; She wants to play cricket. è Correct

She wants playing cricket. è Incorrect

2. Some common verbs: (enjoy, appreciate, avoid, mind, etc) are followed by gerund if infinitive is used incorrect.

E.g; He enjoys watching T.V. è Correct

He enjoys to watch T.V. è Incorrect

3. Some common verbs: (like, love, hate, begin, start, stand, etc) are followed either infinitives or gerund with same meaning.

E.g; The students like to arrange a party. è Correct

The students like arranging a party. è Correct

4. Some common verb: (stop, remember, regret, forgot, try) are followed by either infinitive or gerund with different meaning.
1. Stopped + infinitive:

E.g; Amjad stopped to talk with his friend. è Made a break to complete an action

Amjad stopped talking with his friend. è Quit

2. Remember + infinitive: is used that somebody remembers his/her responsibilities

E.g; Sajjad remembers to bring grocery from the market.

She remembers to wash all the dishes.

3. Remember + Gerund: is used that someone remembers something happened in past.

E.g; The students remember going on a picnic.

4. Forget + infinitive: is used that someone doesn’t remind his/her responsibility or duty.

E.g; Ahmad forgot to write the application.

5. Forgot + gerund: is used that someone doesn’t remind something happened in the past.

E.g; Inam forgot fighting with his friends.

6. Regret + infinitive: is used that someone regrets to tell about news to someone else.

E.g; I regret to tell you that your father-in-law is dead.

7. Regret + gerund: is used to indicate that someone regrets about something is the past.

E.g; She regrets about fighting with her husband.

8. Try + infinitive: is used that someone tries or struggles to achieve something.

E.g; They try to pass the exam.

She tries to get 1^st position.

9. Try + gerund: is used to show experiments with new results.

E.g; The room was dark. I tried opening the door but it didn’t work. I tried turning on the two lights.

Cases of gerund: in English grammar gerund is used in the following cases:

1) As Subject: In this case gerund is used before main verb in order to function as the subject of sentence.

E.g; Playing soccer is fun.

2) As Object: In this case gerund is used after main verb in order to function as object of a sentence.

E.g; They enjoy swimming in the river.

3) As Complement of preposition: In this case gerund is preceded by a preposition in order to complete the meaning of preposition.

E.g; The students are happy about going on a picnic.

4) As Complement of Be: In this case gerund is used to complete the meaning of be.

E.g; What he want is going to America.

What she wishes is getting married.

Cases of Infinitive: In English grammar infinitive is used in following cases;

1) Subject Case: In this case infinitive is used before main verb in order to function as the sub of sentence.

Note: The subject case of infinitive is introduced in two ways.

E,g; To teach Arabic is difficult. (old English)

It is difficult to teach Arabic. (new English)

2) Object Case: In this case infinitive is used after main verb in order to complete the meaning of a verb or in order to function as the object of sentence.

E.g; The students decided to start a new class.

3) Complement of preposition Case: In this case infinitive is preceded by a preposition in order to complete the meaning of preposition.

E.g; He is about to die in these days. The plane is near to land.

4) Complement of subject Case: In this case infinitive is used to complete the meaning of subject.

E.g; My job is to conduct a meeting. His wish is to go foreign country.

5) Complement of object Case: In this case infinitive is used to complete the meaning of object.

E.g; She advised Atif to get married. I told them to work hard.

6) Infinitive as adjective Case: In this case infinitive is preceded by a noun in order to function as an adjective.

E.g; The students have time to study for their final exams.

She needs books to get ready for the final test.

7) Infinitive as an adverb Case: In this case infinitive is preceded by an adjective in order to function as an adverb.

E.g; Jamshid is happy to start a new project. He decided to get married as soon as possible.

Infinitive verb: A verb followed by infinitive noun(to + verb) is called infinitive verb.

Infinitive noun: A verbal preceded by infinitive verb ( want, decide, wish, etc) is called infinitive noun.

He avoids smoking in his office.

Gerund verb: A verb followed by gerund noun is called gerund verb.

Gerund noun: A verbal preceded by gerund verb is called gerund noun.

They want to buy a special car.

They appreciate teaching Arabic at school.

Infinitive phrase: infinitive noun + rest of sentence is called infinitive phrase.

Gerund phrase: gerund noun + rest of sentence is called gerund phrase.

Types of infinitive: Infinitive is generally divided into five types.

1. Full Infinitive: is an infinitive which is in absolute form( to + root form of verb)

E.g; He decided to watch T.V.

2. Bare Infinitive: is an infinitive which is mostly used after either auxiliary or some causative verb (have, make, let) in the form of root form of verb having no (to).

E.g; He will watch T.V. He makes his brother study hard.

3. Split Infinitive: is an infinitive in which (to) is splitted from the verb by inserting adverbs.

E.g; He wants to drive a car. He wants to carefully drive a car. They wish to successfully pass the exam.

4. Abridged Infinitive: Is also called shorten infinitive is an infinitive which is used to give short response.

E.g; Would you like to drink coffee? Yes, I would like to

5. Compound Infinitive: is an infinitive which is used in the form of compound in sentence.

E.g; HE decided to study and to work in office. (to) is verb predicator)

Go + gerund: is used to indicate the recreations activity.

E.g; Haroon goes fishing. She goes window shopping.